Using antenna arrays capable of generating arbitrary polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves has the potential to significantly enhance the adaptability of wireless electronic devices to increasingly complex EM environments. However, dynamically generating arbitrarily desired elliptical polarization (EP) radiation-controlling parameters, such as ellipticity, orientation, and handiness, with one antenna element per radio frequency (RF) channel remains a challenging task. In this work, we propose an arbitrary polarization wave radiator (APWR) enabled by a mechanism that configures the polarization states and excitation phases of elements in a multilinear polarization-reconfigurable (MLPR) antenna array. The proposed mechanism fully leverages the discrete polarization states of multiple array elements to synthesize polarization states that individual elements cannot directly generate. Combined with the excitation phase configuration, the desired EP beam can be directly generated under the premise of one element per RF channel. Equipped with devices for real-time control of the element polarization state and excitation phase, the proposed APWR can dynamically generate arbitrarily desired polarization radiation, ensuring effective polarization matching in complex environments. Through numerical examples and APWR prototype measurements, we validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed concept. The results suggest that this approach provides a promising pathway for integrating polarization as a dynamic resource in 5G, satellite communications, and the Internet of Things (IoT) networks.

This letter introduces a new refined optimization strategy to achieve the pencil/shaped beam pattern synthesis of uniform amplitude rotated linear aperiodic array including the mutual coupling. In proposed strategy, successively multiple times synthesizing and simulating steps with a taperingly variation range for element positions and rotation angles are presented to reduce this discrepancy between the real array pattern and the synthesized one. At each synthesizing step, to meet the constraints on the minimum element spacing and maximum position variation, a variable mapping method is proposed to transform the element position into a variable vector, which is jointly optimized with rotation angles and/or phases. To validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed strategy, two examples are conducted and results show that the proposed strategy can save either unequal-power dividers or antenna elements while obtaining an equivalent pattern performance.

A novel dual-band multi-linear polarization reconfigurable (MLPR) antenna for body-centric wireless communication systems (BWCS) is presented in this paper. The design comprises five symmetrically arranged multi-branch radiating units, each integrating an elliptical patch and curved spring branch for the Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) band (403-405 MHz), and a pair of orthogonal strip patches for the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz band (2.40-2.48 GHz). By selectively biasing PIN diodes between each unit and a central pentagonal feed, five distinct LP states with polarization directions of 0∘, 72∘, 144∘, 216∘, and 288∘ are achieved. A dual-line isolation structure is introduced to suppress mutual coupling between radiating units, ensuring cross-polarization levels (XPLs) better than -15.0 dB across the operation bands. Prototypes fabricated on a 160×160×1.5 mm3 substrate demonstrate measured |S11|<-10 dB across 401-409 MHz and 2.34-2.53 GHz and stable omnidirectional patterns despite biasing circuitry perturbations. The compact form and robust dual-band, multi-polarization performance make the proposed antenna a promising candidate for implantable device wake-up signals and on-body data links in dense indoor environments.

In this communication, an electrochromic antenna with wideband and high gain is designed, fabricated and measured. Herein, an hydrochloric (HCl)-doped polyaniline (PANI) porous film with excellent infrared (IR) regulation ability is fabricated via in situ electrochemical deposition on an Au substrate, which can realize modulation of emissivity in the range of 0.835 to 0.455 (Δε = 0.38) and 0.773 to 0.420 (Δε = 0.353) in the range of 8 ~ 14 μm and 2.5 ~ 25 μm, respectively. Furthermore, in order to eliminate the high shielding of electromagnetic wave due to Au layers, we have innovatively structured the electrochromic material and treated it as part of the partially reflective surface (PRS). The measured results show that the electrochromic antenna exhibits a good impedance matching over a frequency of 9.35 GHz to 12 GHz with a peak gain of 15.03 dBi. The 3-dB gain bandwidth can reach 13.9% (from 9.4 GHz to 10.8 GHz). Also, the proposed antenna can change its color between yellow and dark green by electrical control in the digital imaging system and adjust IR radiation in the thermal imaging system. The developed electrochromic antenna may serve as a good candidate for multispectral camouflage or intelligent IR thermal management applications.

In this communication, we develop a wideband and high-gain multilinear polarization-reconfigurable antenna integrated with nonuniform partially reflective surface (PRS). It leverages a compact L-probe feed source with 25.71 degrees interval reconfigurable linear polarizations (LPs). A polarization-independent nonuniform PRS with both reflection magnitude and phase control is introduced to significantly enhance the gain of the feed source. Furthermore, a systematic analysis on antenna gain relative to the PRS size is conducted, and the obtained gain can vary from around 15 to 20 dBi by carefully designing the PRS. Besides, a partial metallic cavity is presented to further improve the peak gain without enlarging the antenna. An example of seven-LP reconfigurable antenna was designed, simulated, and fabricated. The prototype achieves an overlapped -10-dB impedance bandwidth from 9.28 to 11.32 GHz (19.8%) and a maximum gain of 15.08 dBi. The 3-dB gain bandwidth is 15.7% (from 9.4 to 11 GHz). These measured characteristics validate the antenna's good performance in delivering wide bandwidth and high gains across multiple LPs.

A highly multifunctional antenna with multilinear polarizations (MLPs) and multibands (MBs) is proposed, which can operate over four reconfigurable frequency bands, each band having 16 switchable linear polarizations (LPs) at an 11.25° interval. The larger number of MLPs is achieved by developing an odd–even switching strategy for the independently controlled p-i-n diodes placed between the inner patch and outer sector patches. The diode control is enabled by a field programmable gate array (FPGA) with an engineered biasing network. Moreover, the reported antenna can switch among four continuous bands for each LP, covering a combined range larger than 35%. It is an attractive feature, yet a challenging task for an antenna with such a large number of MLPs. This is realized by utilizing a double-layer feeding strategy with appropriate sector-patch activation, which is particularly appealed to such a highly multifunctional antenna. Furthermore, the antenna has a rotational symmetry along the azimuthal direction and, hence, all the LPs show almost rotationally invariant pattern shapes and gains. The measured results are consistent with the simulated ones, commonly validating the effectiveness of our design.

A novel multi-linear polarization (MLP) reconfigurable antenna array is introduced in this paper. By choosing an appropriate element polarization state distribution, the array can work in arbitrary desired linear polarization with side-lobe level (SLL) reduced pattern. In order to obtain the patterns of the array element in each polarization state, we use an approximation method. And a new optimization strategy is adopted to improve the accuracy of the synthesized patterns. Two numerical examples are given to verify the validity and correctness of the introduced scheme.

Reconfigurable antennas are becoming a major antenna technology for future wireless communications and sensing systems. It is known that, with a single linear polarization (LP) reconfigurable antenna element, a preferred polarization can be produced from a set of multiple polarization states, thus improving the quality of the communication link. This paper presents a new concept of a polarization programmable reconfigurable antenna array that consists of a number of polarization reconfigurable antenna elements with a finite number of possible polarization states. By employing a new optimization strategy and programming the polarization states of all the array elements, we demonstrate that it is possible to realize any desired LP in the vectorial array radiation pattern with accurate control of sidelobe and crosspolarization levels (XPLs), thereby achieving the desired polarization to perfectly match that of the required communications signal. Both numerical and experimental results are provided to prove the concept, and they agree well with each other.

Polarization reconfigurable antennas at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies are important technologies for 5G and beyond wireless communications systems. This paper presents a mm-wave multi-linear polarization (LP) reconfigurable antenna. It employs a resonant TM510-mode air-filled cavity as the base, and a circular array of slots is uniformly etched on its top surface to provide a rotationally-symmetrical “excitation” for the multi-LP antenna. An upper substrate printed with engineered patch layers is introduced above the slots for an in-phase high-gain composition, and it is mechanically rotated to facilitate the multi-LP reconfiguration. Each slot radiation is separately monitored and analyzed by using single-slot cavity models. A final multi-LP antenna that can switch among five LP states at mm-wave band was constructed. To overcome the classic high sidelobe problem associated with circular arrays, a modified bottom layer is introduced to the multi-LP antenna. The measured overlapped bandwidth of the optimized multi-LP antenna ranges from 28.58 to 28.99 GHz. For all of the five LP states, the simulated and measured sidelobe levels are –13 and –10 dB, respectively. The measured realized gains are varied from 15.5 to 16.8 dBi in the overlapped operating bandwidth. This is the first time to report a mm-wave multi-LP reconfigurable antenna.

In this paper, a novel multi-polarization reconfigurable antenna using an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflector is proposed. The antenna consists of seven pairs of dipoles distributed on both the top and bottom surface uniformly. By turning ON or OFF PIN diodes connected with different dipoles, seven linear polarizations (LPs) at a 25.7 deg interval in azimuth plane can be obtained. The designed AMC unit pattern is a circular ring surrounded by seven sectors, which is helpful to balance the bandwidth and gains for seven LPs. By designing a plane with circular AMC array and employing it as a reflector to enhance the directivity, the reported antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth between 4.21 and 5.32GHz (23.1parcent). The overall profile is $0.133\lambda_{L}$ at 4.2GHz.

High-gain polarization-reconfigurable antennas in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band are of high importance for 5G and future wireless platforms. This paper reports an innovative mm-wave antenna that accomplishes multi-linear polarizations (LPs) with high gains. It employs a TM 510 -mode cavity etched with a circular slot array on its top surface as the base excitation. A two-layer copper-cladded main substrate is introduced above the base cavity to produce a high gain beam with a low cross-polarization level. Moreover, five reconfigurable LPs can be attained by rotating the main substrate at a 36° interval. Simulated characteristics were validated by measuring the prototyping multi-LP cavity-backed antenna. The measured overlapped −10-dB impedance bandwidth ranges from 28.58 to 28.99 GHz for the five LPs. Within this bandwidth, measured realized gains vary between 15.5 and 16.8 dBi.

In this communication, a wideband low-profile antenna with switchable multilinear polarizations (MLPs) is proposed. An odd number of dipoles with trapezoidal-shaped arms printed on both sides of a substrate are adopted as reconfigurable radiators, which provides a much smaller polarization interval than using an adjacent even number of dipoles. The p-i-n diodes with simple dc biasing lines are loaded to reconfigure the polarization states. A circular-contoured artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) reflector using hexagon-patch cells is employed to reduce the antenna profile. The whole multiple dipole structure is rotationally invariant, which provides almost rotationally invariant antenna performance for different LPs. In addition, the antenna can be easily redesigned when adjusting the number of dipoles for different LPs. A seven-LP reconfigurable antenna working in 2.85-3.40 GHz is used as an example to give the detailed parameters' study and performance analysis. Three antennas with five, seven, and nine reconfigurable LPs are designed and measured. With 0.035 lambda height, they achieve the measured overlapped bandwidths of 20.6%, 17.6%, and 15.9% for five, seven, and nine LPs, respectively, and their measured peak gains are ranging from 8.3 to 8.5 dBi.

Based on single chip microcomputer, this paper designs a measuring instrument for the. Of Hastelloy grinding index determination instrument for measuring principle are introduced in this paper , based on, the hardware of the whole system were completed scheme design, the hardware system includes man-machine interface card and control board , and the design principle diagram of the important modules is given. After the completion of the product design , hardware and software debugging and prototype assembly, to meet the design requirements.

In this paper, based on SCM and AD574 design a simple electronic scales. Electronic scale is gravity measurement de-vice according to the mass of the object, based on the analysis of the measurement principle, choose the relatively simple 51 se-ries microcontroller as the main control system, according to the measurement requirements of the design of the sensor circuit, AD conversion circuit, overrange alarm circuit, display circuit, keyboard circuit, according to the hardware circuit, completed the the corresponding software design. After testing, the simple electronic balance is simple, convenient and quick, and has a good application prospect.