Clinical OtolaryngologyVolume 33, Issue 3 p. 292-293 Passive restraint: a technique for the examination of the uncooperative child D.J. Baldwin, D.J. Baldwin Paediatric Dentistry, Royal London Hospital, 2nd Floor, Dental Institute, New Road, London E1 1BB, UKSearch for more papers by this authorP. Stimpson, P. Stimpson ENT, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, Manchester M6 8HD, UKSearch for more papers by this authorB. Collard, B. Collard Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.Search for more papers by this author D.J. Baldwin, D.J. Baldwin Paediatric Dentistry, Royal London Hospital, 2nd Floor, Dental Institute, New Road, London E1 1BB, UKSearch for more papers by this authorP. Stimpson, P. Stimpson ENT, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, Manchester M6 8HD, UKSearch for more papers by this authorB. Collard, B. Collard Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 05 June 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4486.2008.01682.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Reference 1 Peretz B. & Gluck G.M. (2002) The use of restraint in the treatment of paediatric dental patients: old and new insights. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 12, 392– 397 Citing Literature Volume33, Issue3June 2008Pages 292-293 ReferencesRelatedInformation

A new digital elevation model of the surface of the Greenland ice sheet and surrounding rock Outcrops has been produced from a comprehensive suite of satellite and airborne remote-sensing and cartographic datasets. The surface model has been regridded to a resolution of 5 km, and combined with a new ice-thickness grid derived from ice-penetrating radar data collected in the 1970s and 1990s. A further dataset, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean, was used to extend the bed elevations to include the continental shelf. The new bed topography was compared with a previous version used for ice-sheet modelling. Near the margins of the ice sheet and, in particular, in the vicinity of small-scale features associated with outlet glaciers and rapid ice motion, significant differences were noted. This was highlighted by a detailed comparison of the bed topography around the northeast Greenland ice stream.

Spatially extensive internal layers have been traced in airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) data collected over Greenland during the late 1990s. By linking internal layers within individual flight-lines at crossover Points, it is possible to identify spatially continuous layers that are interpreted as isochronous surfaces. Several of the survey lines pass over the GRIP core site, and this allows us to use the published GRIP age-depth relationship to accurately date these surfaces. Two layers, with ages of 3891 and 6956 years BP, have been traced over a large part of North Greenland. Accurately dated and spatially continuous isochrones are valuable for both assimilation within, and verification of, numerical models. For example, comparison of isochronous surfaces from a numerical simulation with those layers observed in RES data can be used to inform the choice of parameters (e.g. theology) and climate history used to force a numerical model. To demonstrate the potential of the RES data, two layers for North Greenland were used to determine palaeo-accumulation rates. The inversion from layer depth to accumulation rate requires a three-dimensional velocity field. This velocity field is constructed by combining a two-dimensional balance-velocity field with an assumed vertical structure for the horizontal velocity. The isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates were compared with the Bales and others (2001) rates. A larger east-west gradient was found across the central ice divide for the derived accumulation rate, suggesting a trend in the Holocene accumulation rates for this region. The layers were also compared with isochronous surfaces derived from simulations of a three-dimensional thermodynamic ice-sheet model. Using the isochronous-layer derived accumulation rates to force the model improved the match between modelled and observed layers.

The present computation of sea surface temperature (SST) from infrared satellite measurements requires a coincident sample of in situ (drifting buoy and/or ship) SST measurements, to compute by regression the algorithmic coefficients for the infrared data. Ignoring the fundamental difference between satellite‐measured “skin SST” and buoy/ship measured “bulk SST,” we analyze past buoy and ship SST data to better evaluate the errors involved in the routine computation of SST from operational satellite data. We use buoy and ship SST data for 2 years (1990 and 1996) from the Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set as well as 2 years of previously cloud‐cleared satellite radiances with matching drifting/moored buoy SST data from the NASA Pathfinder SST data set. We examine the in situ SST data for geographic distribution, accuracy, and self‐consistency. We find that there are large geographic regions that are frequently not sampled by the present drifting buoy network, a natural consequence of the fact that most buoys are not deployed to measure in situ SST for satellite infrared SST calibration. Comparisons between drifting buoy SSTs suggest an error of ∼0.4°C for nearly coincident buoy SSTs. Comparing moored with adjacent drifting buoy SSTs, we find that drifting and moored buoy SSTs are samples from the same population. Ship SSTs are noisier and have a significant warm bias relative to drifting buoy SSTs. We explore the SST measurement accuracy changes that occur with variations in sampling coverage used for the SST algorithm regression. We both vary the total amount of points and restrict the regression data to regional sampling biases. Surprisingly the total number of calibration SST values can be quite small if they cover all latitudes. We conclude that buoy SSTs can have residual bias errors of ∼0.15°C with RMS errors closer to 0.5°C.

Abstract A series of ice-sheet-model intercomparison exercises have been organized as part of EISMINT. One such set of experiments investigated the implications of thermomechanical coupling on the flow of ice sheets with idealized geometry The results of these experiments are discussed by Payne and others (in press). They indicate that local concentrations of ice flow may develop as a consequence of interactions between ice flow, temperature and viscosity The nature of the intercomparison exercise meant that only a limited number of experiments could be performed by the ten contributing groups. Many of the implications arising from the results could not therefore be investigated. This paper focuses on four. They are the initiation of the patterning, its reversibility the influence of the relationship between ice temperature and viscosity and dependence on numerical time-step and horizontal grid size.

AbstractThis work attempts to explain the fan-like landform assemblages observed in satellite images of the area covered by the former Scandinavian ice sheet (SIS). These assemblages have been interpreted as evidence of large ice streams within the SIS. If this interpretation is correct, then it calls into doubt current theories on the formation of ice streams. These theories regard soft sediment and topographic troughs as being the key determinants of ice-stream location. Neither can be used to explain the existence of ice streams on the flat, hard-rock area of the Baltic Shield. Initial results from a three-dimensional, thermomechanical ice-sheet model indicate that interactions between ice flow, form and temperature can create patterns similar to those mentioned above. The model uses a realistic, 20 km resolution gridded topography and a simple parameterization of accumulation and ablation. It produces patterns of maximum ice-sheet extent, which are similar to those reconstructed from the area’s glacial geomorphology. Flow in the maximum, equilibrium ice sheet is dominated by wedges of warm, low-viscosity, fast-flowing ice. These are separated by areas of cold, slow-flowing ice. This patterning appears to develop spontaneously as the modelled ice sheet grows.

Satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSST) mips are readily available from precisely calibrated radiometer systems such as the ERS along-track scanning radiometer and, in the near future, from the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer. However, the use of su,surface bulk sea surface temperature (BSST) measurements as the primary source of in situ data required for the development of new sea surface temperature algorithms and the accurate validation of these global datasets is questionable. This is because BSST measurements are not a measure of the sea surface skin temperature, which is actually observed by a satellite infrared radiometer. Consequently, the use of BSST data for validation :Ind derivation of satellite derived "pseudo-BSST" and SSST datasets will limit their accuracy to at least the rms deviation of the BSST-SSST difference, typically about +/-0.5 K. Unfortunately, the prohibitive cost and difficulty of deploying infrared radiometers at sea has prevented the regular collection of a comprehensive global satellite SSST validation dataset. In response to this situation, an assessment of the TASCO THI-500L infrared radiometer system as a potential candidate for the widespread validation of satellite SSST observations is presented. This is a low-cost, broadband radiometer that has been commonly deployed in the field to measure SSST by several research groups. A comparison between SSST derived from TASCO THI-500L measurements anl contemporaneous scanning infrared sea surface temperature radiometer measurements, which are accurate to better than 0.1 K, demonstrates low bias (0.1 K) and rms (0.08 K) differences between the two instruments. However, to achieve this accuracy, the TASCO THI-500L radiometer must be deployed with care to ensure that the radiometer fore-optics are kept free of salt water contamination and shaded from direct sunlight. When this is done, this type of low-cost radiometer system could form the core of a global SSST validation program.

Surface application of manures and slurries is still, by far, the most common approach used on UK farms for the spreading of farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and slurries. On-farm evaluation of spreading machinery performance has been undertaken, including a total of 41 separate machines, covering the four main machine categories currently in operation and three manure types : • side discharge, rotary spreaders (FYM) • vacuum tankers (slurry) • side discharge, dual-purpose spreaders (FYM, PM, slurry) • flat-bed, rear discharge spreaders (FYM, PM). Whilst substantial variaiblity in machine performance (both in terms of application rate and spreading pattern) was observed, date on lateral coefficient of variation(CV) and spreading bout width indicated that considerable improvements in performance could be achieved by simple adjustment of bout spacing.