Gastritis has a broad pathologic spectrum and anatomic distribution, as well as an evolving etiology. The Sydney pathologic classification of gastritis, which appeared in 1990 and was revised in 1994, emphasized the importance of combining etiologic, topographic, and morphologic criteria for establishing clinically useful diagnoses. Using this revised Sydney pathologic classification as a guide, we report a simpler and more practical radiologic approach to gastritis. We emphasize those types of gastritis that may be detected on radiologic examination and illustrate typical findings.

Imaging of the gallbladder for cholelithiasis and its complications has changed dramatically in recent decades along with expansion of interventional techniques related to the disease. Ultrasonography (US) is the method of choice for detection of gallstones. The characteristic US findings of gallstones are a highly reflective echo from the anterior surface of the gallstone, mobility of the gallstone on repositioning the patient, and marked posterior acoustic shadowing. Oral cholecystography remains an excellent method of gallstone detection, but its role has been limited due to the advantages of US. Most people with cholelithiasis will not experience symptoms or complications related to gallstones. When biliary colic does occur, it is typically caused by transient obstruction of the cystic duct by a stone. The primary imaging modality in suspected acute calculous cholecystitis is usually US or cholescintigraphy. Detection of gallstones alone does not permit a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; however, secondary US findings provide more specific information. In detection of choledocholithiasis, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography are superior to US. In certain clinical settings, interventional radiologic procedures have become an important alternative to surgery in the treatment of gallstones and their complications; techniques include percutaneous cholecystostomy and gallstone removal.

Following renal transplantation, patients are often evaluated with ultrasonography (US) or radionuclide imaging to assess renal function and the presence of possible complications. Both modalities are inexpensive, noninvasive, and nonnephrotoxic. A basic understanding of the surgical techniques commonly used for renal transplantation is useful when imaging these patients in order to recognize complications and to direct further imaging or intervention. The most frequent complications of renal transplantation include perinephric fluid collections; decreased renal function; and abnormalities of the vasculature, collecting system, and renal parenchyma. Perinephric fluid collections are common following transplantation, and their clinical significance depends on the type, location, size, and growth of the fluid collection, features that are well-evaluated with US. Causes of diminished renal function include acute tubular necrosis, rejection, and toxicity from medications. Radionuclide imaging is the most useful modality for assessing renal function. Vascular complications of transplantation include occlusion or stenosis of the arterial or venous supply, arteriovenous fistulas, and pseudoaneurysms. Although the standard for evaluating these vascular complications is angiography, US is an excellent noninvasive method for screening. Other transplant complications such as abnormalities of the collecting system and renal parenchyma are well-evaluated with both radionuclide imaging and US.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this report is to describe a cost-effective method for producing black-and-white prints and color posters within a radiology department.CONCLUSION:Using a high-resolution digital camera, personal computer, and color printer, the average cost of a 5 x 7 inch (12.5 x 17.5 cm) black-and-white print may be reduced from $8.50 to $1 each in our institution. The average cost for a color print (8.5 x 14 inch [21.3 x 35 cm]) varies from $2 to $3 per sheet depending on the selection of ribbons for a color-capable laser printer and the paper used. For a 30-panel, 4 x 8 foot (1.2 x 2.4 m) standard-sized poster, the cost for materials and construction is approximately $100.

Tomography of the kidneys is a routine procedure performed during intravenous urography. Precisely locating the kidneys, however, can be difficult. This article describes a study performed to determine a simple and accurate measurement for kidney location as a guide to obtaining initial nephrotomographic sections. The authors measured the distance from the midplane of the kidney to the posterior skin line on abdominal CT images in 26 patients. This distance averaged one-third the thickness of the abdominal region. The best depth for the nephrotomographic cut was found to be one-third the thickness of the abdomen plus the thickness of any table pad.

Barium radiology of the gastrointestinal tract has had a long history but its survival into the next century will be a challenge. The numbers of barium studies performed has declined in recent decades due to several factors; also, health care reforms in the United States will further impact on the use of barium examinations. The future status of these radiological procedures will change depending on these factors and the organ system being examined; an increased emphasis on functional evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract will also have an effect on the evolving role of barium radiology. We provide a brief historical review of the evolution of barium radiology in the twentieth century, discuss the present and changing status of the various gastrointestinal examinations, and offer our thoughts concerning the potential future of this specialty.

Endometriosis is a common disease in young women being evaluated for infertility. Although endometriosis may cause tubal abnormalities on hysterosalpingography, efficacy of radiographic evaluation in this disease is not clear. We reviewed the radiographic and laparoscopic examinations in 50 women being studied for infertility. Laparoscopy was normal in 15 women and showed endometriosis in 35 patients. Endometriosis was staged at laparoscopy using the classification of the American Fertility Society. Radiographic examinations were reviewed blindly and tubal status noted in each patient. Criteria for tubal abnormality included incomplete or absent filling and ampullary dilatation or convolution. Radiographic efficacy was determined by correlating the tubal appearance to the severity and location of endometriosis. A total of 98 tubes were correlated but only 10 (10%) were felt to be involved by endometriosis based on laparoscopic findings. Radiologic sensitivity was 40% (4 of 10) and specificity was 83% (73 of 88). Positive predictive value was 21% (4 of 19) due to 15 false-positive diagnoses in tubes uninvolved by endometriosis. In conclusion, endometriosis, regardless of its severity, rarely causes radiographic abnormalities on hysterosalpingography because of the location of disease in the pelvis.

We reviewed the medical records and defecograms in 55 consecutive patients to determine the impact of results of defecography on clinical management. Main indication for defecography was constipation, present in 40 (73%) of 55 patients. In the remaining 15 patients, indications included obstructed defecation (5), incontinence (5), and miscellaneous symptoms (5). Defecography evaluated pelvic floor motion by assessing changes in the anorectal angle (ARA) and anorectal junction (ARJ) during various maneuvers, extent of evacuation, and structural abnormalities. Patients were grouped based on results of defecography as being normal (26) or abnormal (29). Comparison of measurements of the ARA and ARJ with various maneuvers showed no significant differences between the two groups. Clinical impact was determined by analyzing therapy done following defecography and subsequent patient response. In the normal group, 15 patients were managed medically, seven surgically, and four lost to follow-up. Clinical improvement occurred in 13 (59%) of 22 patients, with similar results between medical (60%) and surgical (57%) therapy. In the abnormal group, 16 had medical management, seven surgical therapy, and six lost to follow-up. Clinical improvement occurred in 13 (57%) of 23 patients but surgical therapy showed more improvement. In conclusion, most standard measurements of the ARA and ARJ were of no value in determining abnormality. Results of defecography did not alter selection of medical or surgical therapy, and had little impact on patient response to therapy.

We reviewed pre- and postoperative appearances of the uterine cavity on hysterosalpingography (HSG) in 28 patients who had hysteroscopic surgery. Twelve patients presented with primary infertility and 16 patients with secondary infertility. The uterine abnormalities included synechiae (12), septa (8), submucosal fibroids (7), and polyp (1). The size and number of lesions in the uterus, the extent of improvement after surgery, and the postoperative pregnancy rate were recorded. The uterine cavity was restored to a normal appearance in 23 (82%) of 28 patients. In patients after fibroid resection, all uterine cavities reverted to normal after surgery. Two patients developed adhesions after septal resection. Three patients with lysis of synechiae remained unchanged or had worsened intrauterine scarring. The postoperative pregnancy rate was 35% (six of 17) in those patients followed for more than 6 months. One patient had a spontaneous abortion. In the six patients who became pregnant, four had secondary infertility, and all had normal or substantial improvement in the appearance of the uterine cavity after surgery. Perforation of the uterus occurred in one patient after resection of a fibroid.

Colorectal carcinoma is the second most common cancer that occurs in women and men. To better appreciate the role of the barium enema in the evaluation of colorectal carcinoma, an understanding of its epidemiology, pathologic development, and current methods of detection is needed. Following review of these aspects of colorectal carcinoma, the barium enema is discussed more thoroughly regarding examination techniques, radiologic evaluation of colonic neoplasms, quality of the examinations, and radiologic efficacy.

Although the value of endoscopy in reflux esophagitis is accepted, the role of radiology has not been well defined. The radiographic and endoscopic findings in 75 patients were correlated. A grading system was employed to stage the severity of involvement. Thirty-five appeared normal on endoscopy and 40 had esophagitis of differing stages of severity. The results indicate that radiography is insensitive in mild degrees of inflammation but that its sensitivity and accuracy improves in more severe grades of esophagitis.

HomeRadiologyVol. 178, No. 3 Next Preparing the colon for the barium enema examination.D W Gelfand, M Y Chen, D J OttD W Gelfand, M Y Chen, D J OttD W GelfandM Y ChenD J OttPublished Online:Mar 1 1991https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.178.3.1847238MoreSectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesCiteTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareShare onFacebookXLinked In Article HistoryPublished in print: 1991 FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByCTC technique: methods to ensure an optimal examKevin J.Chang, David H.Kim2018 | Abdominal Radiology, Vol. 43, No. 3Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology, 2-Volume SetMarc S.Levine, David J.Ott, IgorLaufer2015Bowel preparation for CT colonographyEmanueleNeri, PhilippeLefere, StefaanGryspeerdt, PietroBemi, AnnalisaMantarro, CarloBartolozzi2013 | European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 82, No. 8Research about Improvement of Pretreatment Methods on Projection of The Baruim EnemaSun-YoulSeo, Man-SeokHan, Min-CheolJeon, Yong-KyunKim, Chang-GyuKim2013 | Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, Vol. 4, No. 2Practical Fluoroscopy of the GI and GU TractsStephen E.Rubesin2012Conventional Imaging of the Colon and RectumSunitSebastian, PardeepMittal, KeerthanaKesavarapu, ToddFibus, WilliamSmall2011Jan1Abdominal ImagingSunitSebastian, WilliamSmall2011Evolution of CT colonographyStefanieWeinstein, RizwanAslam, JudyYee2011 | Imaging in Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 1Atlas of Virtual ColonoscopyDipti K.Lenhart, Rocio PerezJohnston, Michael E.Zalis2011Medical RadiologyJ.Yee2010Comparison of the Quality of Bowel Preparation for Double Contrast Barium Enema According to Remind Calls: A Double-Blind Clinical TrialMi-JiLee, Myung-JuOh, Jae-SangLee, Ji-YoungPark, Woo-KyungBae, BelongCho2010 | Korean Journal of Family Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 9CT Colonography: Techniques and ApplicationsJudyYee2009 | Radiologic Clinics of North America, Vol. 47, No. 1La colonscopia virtualeAndreaLaghi, FrancoIafrate, FabrizioVecchietti2008Textbook of Gastrointestinal RadiologyDavid J.Ott2008Computed tomographic colonographyRizwanAslam, JudyYee2008 | Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Vol. 2, No. 3Virtual Colonoscopy: Technique and AccuracyLuis A.Landeras, RizwanAslam, JudyYee2007 | Radiologic Clinics of North America, Vol. 45, No. 2Medical RadiologyJudyYee2006Endoscopic OncologyStephen E.Rubesin2006Chirurgische Proktologie2006Double-contrast barium enema techniqueStephen ERubesin, Dean D.TMaglinte2003 | Radiologic Clinics of North America, Vol. 41, No. 2Colorectal Cancer Screening in Women: The Role of CT ColonographyJudyYee, DariceLiu, PatriciaLew2003 | Journal of Women's Imaging, Vol. 5, No. 1Oncologic ImagingStephan M.Stockberger, Dean D.T.Maglinte, Frederick M.Kelvin2002The therapy of constipationL. 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To optimize detection of colonic polyps, we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, magnesium citrate, castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of patients with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 patients with 234 polyps, and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid neoplasms detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of patients, fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of polyps 10 mm or larger and 72% of polyps 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of polyps 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of colonic polyps via barium enema examination.

Primary panendoscopy: a radiologist's responseDW Gelfand, DJ Ott and YM ChenAudio Available | Share

Ott, David J. M.D.; Wells, Bradley Ph.D.; Gelfand, David W. M.D.; Chen, Yu Men M.D. Author Information