Nonrelativistic and relativistic collective deformed potential models have been used to study the excitation of seven states in 58Ni by 280 and 489 MeV unpolarized protons. Optical model potentials were determined at each energy by fitting elastic scattering data using both of the models. Deformation lengths were also obtained using both models with no dependence on incident energy observed for either model. The average value of the hadronic deformation lengths along with the charge deformation lengths were used to calculate neutron to proton multipole matrix elements (MnMp). Five transitions, 2+1, 1.45 MeV; 2+3, 3.04 MeV; 2+4, 3.26 MeV; 4+1, 2.46 MeV; and the 4+5, 4.75 MeV state were determined to be isoscalar, i.e. MnMp = NZ. The 4+2, 3.63 MeV state was observed to be a proton-like transition with MnMp = 0.43 ± 0.18. At small scattering angles, the relativistic model gave consistently larger cross sections than the nonrelativistic model. This effect was much larger at 280 MeV than at 489 MeV.

Differential cross section measurements have been made for the giant resonance region (13.2--40 MeV) in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ using 500 MeV protons with an experimental energy resolution of 70 keV. Fine structure was observed in this energy region. After fixing the energy weighted sum rule depletion for the isovector giant dipole resonance at 70%, energy weighted sum rules of 70\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 % for the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance and 15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 % for the isoscalar giant hexadecapole resonance were deduced. All of these energy weighted sum rule depletions agree well with theoretical predictions and results from other experiments.

New $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$(p,p') measurements at 400 MeV are reported and analyzed using new approaches to the continuum in the giant resonance region. These approaches include a phenomenological procedure, and calculations based on the free surface response function of semi-infinite nuclear matter. These methods are found to lead to giant resonance parameters which are consistent and in agreement with established results. We interpret this to mean that both approaches provide empirically consistent representations of the continuum underlying the giant resonances. In addition to the well-known resonances, evidence of possible 3\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega} L=5 resonance strength is observed at 18-MeV excitation accounting for 10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 % of the energy-weighted sum rule.

A vibrational collective model has been used to analyze 15 bound states in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ excited by inelastic scattering of 500 MeV polarized protons. It is shown that for those states which have surface peaked charge transition densities the collective model describes the shape and magnitude of the angular distributions quite well. The hadronic deformation lengths extracted are shown to be constant over the incident proton energy range of 25--800 MeV with the exception of data at 185 MeV. The average values for the hadronic deformation lengths are used to calculate the ratio of the neutron to proton multipole matrix elements for five states. Elastic scattering and the ${3}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${2}_{1}^{+}$, and ${5}_{1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ transitions have also been studied using the relativistic collective model.

Spin-dipole strength in40Ca has been studied by inelastic scattering of 500-MeV protons and the dipole response in40Ca is compared with the spin-dipole data from the40Ca(p, n) reaction and nonspin-dipole data from photonuclear studies.

Inclusive polarized proton-nucleus scattering on 208Pb has been studied at 290 and 500 MeV. The measurements cover a broad range (0–250 MeV) of excitation energy over the 4°–27° angular range. The measured analyzing powers and cross sections for the continuum were compared with recent relativistic and nonrelativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations. The cross section in the continuum region is found to be dominated by single-step quasi-free scattering. Differences of up to 40% between the analyzing powers measured at the quasi-free peak as opposed to free NN values strongly support the relativistic impulse approximation predictions for the quasi-free region, and indicate the presence of relativistic medium effects. Analyzing powers and cross sections of several low-lying states were compared with both nonrelativistic and relativistic distorted-wave Born approximation predictions.

Analyzing power and spectral data for the inclusive quasifree (p,p′) reaction on 208Pb at 290 MeV are presented. Cross sections were measured over an angular range of 4°–26° and for excitation energies up to 160 MeV. The free surface response model provides a good description of the shape of the continuum. At the quasifree peak the large angle Ay(θ) data drop below the free nucleon values. This difference is a possible indication of relativistic medium effects.

A newly constructed focal-plane polarimeter for the medium resolution spectrometer at TRIUMF has been used to measure polarizations and polarization transfer coefficients for protons elastically scattered from 208Pb at 290 MeV. These results combined with existing cross section data at 300 MeV completely determine the elastic scattering amplitudes for momentum transfers q<2.6 fm−1. The data are in quantitative agreement with Dirac calculations which take the effects of Pauli blocking into account, but disagree at small momentum transfer with density-dependent Schrödinger calculations.

New measurements of inelastic proton scattering to low-lying collective states of 208Pb at 200 and 400 MeV are reported. Deformation lengths (δH = βR) extracted from angular distributions for the 3− (2.614), 5−1 (3.198 MeV), 5−2 (3.709 MeV), 2+ (4.086 MeV) and 4+ (4.324 MeV) states are in good accord with values extracted at other incident proton energies. The fact that the deformation lengths for these levels are independent of incident proton energy within experimental uncertainty provides further support of the validity of the collective DWBA for medium energy proton scattering to strongly excited states. Advantage is taken of this to extract more precise values for the ratio of neutron to proton multipole matrix elements for both the low-lying states and the giant quadrupole resonance at 10.6 MeV.

The giant resonance region in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ has been studied using inelastic scattering of 200-MeV polarized and unpolarized protons. Both differential cross sections \ensuremath{\sigma}(theta) and analyzing power ${A}_{y}$(theta) measurements were made. The isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance at 10.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 MeV, and the combined isovector giant dipole resonance and isoscalar giant monopole resonance at 14.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 MeV are clearly observed. Within uncertainties all three giant resonances are in accord with full energy-weighted sum rule depletions, based on comparisons with macroscopic distorted wave Born approximation calculations. Data for a peak at 20.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 MeV are found to be consistent with an isoscalar giant octupole resonance exhausting 36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12 % of the energy-weighted sum rule strength. A peak located at an excitation energy of 12.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 MeV is shown to be a 2\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}, L=4 transition depleting 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 % of the hexadecapole energy-weighted sum rule strength. The measured reduced transition probability for the ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state at 2.614 MeV is consistent both with the accepted value and with results measured at 334 and 800 MeV. Our results for the ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state at 2.614 MeV and for the giant quadrupole resonance do not support the anomalous behavior found in earlier studies at 104, 156, and 201 MeV. This shows that the macroscopic distorted wave Born approximation can be used to extract deformation lengths providing meaningful comparison with electromagnetic energy-weighted sum rules for proton inelastic scattering to at least 800 MeV incident proton energy.

New measurements of inelastic proton scattering to low‐lying states of 208Pb at 200 and 400 MeV are reported. Deformation lengths extracted from angular distributions for the 3− (2.614 MeV), 5−1 (3.198 MeV), 5−2 (3.209 MeV), 2+ (4.086 MeV) and 4+ (4.324 MeV) states are in good accord with values extracted at other incident proton energies. The fact that the deformation lengths are independent of incident proton energy within experimental uncertainty provides support for the validity of the collective DWBA for medium energy proton scattering to strongly excited states. Advantage is taken of this to extract statistically more precise values of the ratio of neutron to proton multipole matrix elements (Mn/Mp). Different methods of determining the appropriate average value of Mn/Mp are discussed.

The 12C(n, γ0)13C excitation function at 90° has been measured in the neutron energy region of 7.0 MeV to 19.5 MeV. The results show a prominent giant resonance at 17.2 MeV and a broad “pygmy” resonance structure around 10 MeV. We obtain good agreement with the results observed for the 12C(p, γ0)13N reaction both with regard to the shape of the 90° excitation function and to the absolute magnitude of the cross section. However, cross sections obtained by detailed balance from the 13C(γ, n0)12C reaction are almost a factor of two higher. Direct-semidirect (DSD) calculations are presented for both (p, γ) and (n, γ) reactions.

Recent measurements of transition rates for low-lying collective states and giant resonances in 208Pb using inelastic scattering of 200 and 334 MeV protons are in accord with accepted values. This is in sharp disagreement with earlier medium-energy proton inelastic scattering studies in which the validity of the collective model formalism was questioned. Combining these results with measurements at other energies, we conclude that the extraction of deformation lengths with the collective distorted wave Born approximation formalism is satisfactory to at least 800 MeV. The present results bring into question the microscopic calculations of inelastic scattering using RPA wave functions.