To efficiently eliminate tetracycline (TC) contamination in water environments, iron-doped melamine-derived graphitic carbon nitride (Fe-MCN) was fabricated via an impregnation–calcination method for ultrasound-driven piezo-enhanced Fenton-like catalysis. Systematic characterizations revealed that iron species were uniformly anchored in the carbon nitride framework through stable Fe–N coordination, which optimized the electronic structure, promoted interfacial charge transfer, and improved the piezoelectric response of catalysts. Under optimal conditions, the Fe-MCN/H₂O₂/ultrasound system achieved 98.9% TC degradation and 86.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD) mineralization within 60 min, presenting remarkable synergistic effects between piezocatalysis and Fenton-like reaction. This composite catalyst possessed wide pH adaptability, favorable anti-interference capacity, outstanding reusability, and universal degradation performance toward multiple tetracycline antibiotics including chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC). Mechanism analysis demonstrated that piezo-generated electrons accelerated the Fe3 +/Fe2+ cycle, and hydroxyl radical (·OH), hole (h⁺), superoxide radical (·O2⁻), and singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated the oxidative degradation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified degradation intermediates, and toxicity assessments confirmed that the ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity of degradation products were distinctly reduced. This study develops a promising piezo-Fenton strategy for green remediation of antibiotic wastewater.

The photothermal catalysis process holds great promise for the removal of various indoor pollutants; however, its low light-utilization efficiency and the unclear mechanism of catalytic synergy impede its industrial implementation. This study investigates the photothermal synergistic oxidation of toluene over cerium oxide-a widely used transition-metal catalyst for industrial VOC removal-with a focus on elucidating how distinct cerium oxide morphologies govern photothermal performance. Among the synthesized catalysts, the nanospherestructured cerium oxide (NS) exhibited the highest activity for toluene degradation. Under simulated solar illumination at 220 degrees C, toluene conversion reached 90 %, attributable to the NS sample's high specific surface area, narrow bandgap, and elevated concentration of oxygen vacancies (Ce3+). Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that light irradiation not only promotes the in-situ generation of additional reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby accelerating the oxidative conversion of toluene, but also strengthens the adsorption interactions between toluene molecules and their intermediates with cerium oxide surface sites under relatively low temperatures, consequently leading to a pronounced reduction in overall catalytic reaction temperature and associated energy consumption. This work underscores the potential of nanosphere-structured cerium oxide in the photothermal synergistic purification of VOC emissions and provides a theoretical foundation for future material optimization and industrial application.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furan carboxylic acid (HMFCA) is an important raw material in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, we developed a strategy to the utilization of fly ash resource to obtain CaA zeolite and employed as catalyst supports Au nanoparticles to obtain high catalytic performance for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to HMFCA using air as an oxidant. Herein, the catalyst was synthesized through cation-exchange and wet impregnation method. The composition, morphology, and structure of the asprepared catalyst were characterized. The effects of surface chemistry, the amount of Au loading, catalyst dosage, reaction time and reaction temperature on catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of 5-HMF to HMFCA were systematically investigated. In particular, the optimal 1.0 wt% Au-CaA catalyst afforded a satisfactory HMFCA yield of 89.2% and selectively of 91.5% from HMF oxidation using air as the oxidant and KHCO3 as base in water at 80 degrees C. This excellent catalytic performance is not only attributed to the high charge density and total acidity of CaA zeolite, but also ascribe to the strong acid sites of support and high dispersion of Au nanoparticles, which promoted the activation of reactants and further improved HMFCA selectivity. Moreover, the relationship between structure (Au particle size, basicity within zeolites and Au delta+ species) and the yield of HMFCA was concretely established. Reaction mechanism analysis revealed the pathway and the formation of Au delta+ species on the as-prepared catalyst was the crucial step. This work may be potential platforms for the effective catalytic synthesis of sustainable value-added chemicals from biomass, and has pioneered new and environmentally friendly applications for the resource utilization of fly ash.

Bacterial wound infections pose an escalating threat to global public health. Herein, we developed a visible-lightresponsive antibacterial hydrogel dressing by incorporating graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (termed as g-C3N4@CP) crosslinked through borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds using boric acid. Through systematic optimization, the hydrogel loaded with 0.7 g/L g-C3N4 exhibited excellent swelling capacity, mechanical robustness (rupture elongation, 2471.85%; compressive strength, 1008 kPa), and intrinsic self-healing ability. Macroscopic healing occurred within 30 min through interfacial contact, with healed samples retaining structural integrity under severe deformation (bending, knotting). Leveraging the synergistic antibacterial effect of g-C3N4 nanosheets and CMCS chains, the hydrogel achieved exceptional photocatalytic antibacterial activity, eliminating 86.81 +/- 0.58% of Escherichia coli and 94.31 +/- 0.94% of Staphylococcus aureus under visible-light irradiation. Remarkably, bacterial membrane disruption was confirmed through substantial cytoplasmic protein leakage from S. aureus after treatment. In vivo experiments further validated the dual functionality of the hydrogel: potent suppression of bacterial proliferation in infected wounds and significant acceleration of tissue regeneration after visible-light irradiation while exhibiting excellent biocompatibility. It is expected to be applied to wound dressing in the future.

The widespread presence of antibiotic residues in aquatic environments poses a serious ecological and health threat. Herein, a novel sulfur-doped Bi4O5I2/CdS (S-BiOI/CdS) S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was rationally designed and synthesized for the efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light. The incorporation of sulfur into the Bi4O5I2 lattice modulated its electronic structure and served as an interfacial bridge, therefore enhancing charge transfer at the interface. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed the formation of an intimate heterojunction with a well-constructed interface. The optimal S-BiOI/CdS composite demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic activity, completely degrading TC within 10 min, with a rate constant 4.0 and 1.4 times higher than those of pure CdS and S-BiOI. It also exhibited excellent stability, reusability, and effectiveness under natural sunlight. Photoelectrochemical measurements combined with theoretical analysis validated the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism, where powerful electrons and holes were spatially separated to generate reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the photocatalyst showed promise in a continuous-flow system and effectively reduced the ecotoxicity of TC, as confirmed by computational modeling and phytotoxicity assays using mung bean seedlings. This work provides a strategic design of a stable and efficient doped S-scheme photocatalyst for practical environmental remediation.

The catalytic combustion of chlorine‐containing volatile organic compounds (Cl‐VOCs) often leads to catalyst deactivation due to chlorine accumulation, posing major challenges for industrial applications. In this study, the transition metal catalyst Co 2 Fe 0.67 Cr 0.33 was phosphorylated to improve its surface acidity and hydrolysis activation performance. The catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ Diffuse Reflaxions Infrared Fourier Transformations Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Results showed that phosphate ions, introduced via a simple impregnation method, adhered uniformly to the catalyst surface without altering its morphology or redox properties. The phosphorylated catalyst exhibited enhanced hydrolysis activation performance, achieving a T 90 of 272°C for 500 ppm chlorobenzene under 5 vol% water conditions. Moreover, the catalyst was resistant to water‐induced competitive adsorption. The HCl selectivity under 5 vol% water was 5.15 times higher than under normal conditions, significantly improving the catalyst's antipoisoning ability and extending its stability. This study provides a theoretical basis for designing antipoisoning strategies in Cl‐VOCs catalytic combustion and offers insights for industrial applications.

The catalytic combustion of chlorine-containing volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) often leads to catalyst deactivation due to chlorine accumulation, posing major challenges for industrial applications. In this study, the transition metal catalyst Co2Fe0.67Cr0.33 was phosphorylated to improve its surface acidity and hydrolysis activation performance. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ Diffuse Reflaxions Infrared Fourier Transformations Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Results showed that phosphate ions, introduced via a simple impregnation method, adhered uniformly to the catalyst surface without altering its morphology or redox properties. The phosphorylated catalyst exhibited enhanced hydrolysis activation performance, achieving a T90 of 272°C for 500 ppm chlorobenzene under 5 vol% water conditions. Moreover, the catalyst was resistant to water-induced competitive adsorption. The HCl selectivity under 5 vol% water was 5.15 times higher than under normal conditions, significantly improving the catalyst's antipoisoning ability and extending its stability. This study provides a theoretical basis for designing antipoisoning strategies in Cl-VOCs catalytic combustion and offers insights for industrial applications.

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a global environmental concern, and conventional advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for MP removal often require harsh conditions. Meanwhile, the environmental risks of degradation byproducts are overlooked. Herein, Ce-doped BiFeO3 (BCFO) was synthesized as a piezoelectric catalyst to activate a Fenton-like process for the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-MPs under mild conditions with ultrasound-assisted treatment and H2O2. Results exhibited an outstanding performance, achieving a 39.2% weight loss of PET-MPs within 40 h. The Ce doping promoted the Fe cycle in the Fenton-like process and created new H2O2 reaction sites on BCFO with lower adsorption energy (-3.9502 eV) and activation energy (-0.8395 eV) compared with BiFeO3 (Eads = -0.3087 eV and Eact = 3.5779 eV). Besides, the effects of various parameters affecting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and the degradation pathway of MPs were analyzed systematically. Toxicity assessments confirmed that the intermediates of degraded PET-MPs were non-toxic to biological organisms, and plants grew normally in the degraded solution. This study provides a new approach for designing environmentally friendly methods for MP removal under ambient conditions.

Abstract Phthalocyanine (Pc), as a type of organic photothermal material, has garnered significant attention owing to its potential tunable photophysical and photochemical properties. Herein, we propose a simple but efficient design strategy termed “planar core (Pc ring) + twisted periphery (AIE units)” to develop a photothermal material, TPE-14-CuPc. The results show that the introduction of a coplanar central core (Pc ring) and highly twisted peripheral rotors can effectively enhance photothermal conversion. TPE-14-CuPc exhibits a broad absorption range from 300 to 1300 nm in the solid state, with a molar extinction coefficient (ε) of 1.1 × 105 L·mol–1·cm–1 in CH2Cl2, and achieves solar-thermal conversion efficiencies of 22.4% under one sun irradiation (0.1 W cm–2) and 24.50% under 808 nm laser irradiation, respectively. An interfacial heating evaporation system based on melamine (MA) foam loaded with TPE-14-CuPc was fabricated, achieving a solar-to-vapor efficiency of 50.77% and a water evaporation rate of 0.734 kg m–2 h–1 with the MA + TPE-14-CuPc foam in actual sunlight. In contrast, the evaporation rates of deionized water and seawater were 1.71 kg m–2 h–1 and 2.01 kg m–2 h–1 under one sun irradiation, respectively. Notably, TPE-14-CuPc-loaded cellulose paper was integrated with thermoelectric devices, generating a voltage as high as 214 mV under one sun irradiation, superior to its analogs synthesized using previous molecular strategies. These findings provide a feasible guideline for developing highly efficient small-molecule photothermal materials in water evaporation and power generation.

Nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensors for foodborne pathogens are promising, but their sensitivity is often limited by the insufficient catalytic performance of nanozyme probes. Herein, a copper single-atom nanozyme anchored on carbon nitride (Cu-SA-CN), with a Cu loading of 24.1 wt%, was fabricated via a novel supramolecular self-assembly and pyrolysis strategy. The material features atomically dispersed Cu-N3 sites and exhibits superior peroxidase-like activity (Vmax = 51.4 ×10-8 M s-1) by efficiently catalyzing H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Leveraging the abundant surface amino groups of Cu-SA-CN for antibody conjugation and its high activity for signal amplification, a sensitive immunomagnetic colorimetric biosensor was constructed for Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) detection, where magnetic beads enable target enrichment and Cu-SA-CN serves as a robust signal amplifier. This biosensor achieved a low detection limit of 12.7 CFU mL-1 with a linear range from 3.8 × 101 - 3.8 × 106 CFU mL-1. Importantly, the sensor exhibited excellent long-term stability. Successful application in spiked chicken samples highlighted its practicality. This work not only provides an effective strategy for creating high-performance single-atom nanozymes but also offers a new approach for the sensitive and specific detection of pathogenic bacteria in complex food matrices.

The contamination of water bodies by tetracycline (TC) antibiotics poses a significant environmental threat, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. This study successfully synthesized manganese-doped bismuth ferrite (Mn-BFO) via a hydrothermal method as a high-performance piezocatalyst for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) under ultrasonic irradiation to degrade TC. The incorporation of Mn optimized the electronic structure and introduced oxygen vacancies, which not only narrowed the bandgap and enhanced charge carrier separation but also established a synergistic Mn3+/Mn4+-Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycle that significantly promoted PDS activation. The optimized Mn-BFO/PDS/US system achieved 92.1% TC removal within 30 min, with a reaction rate constant (0.095 min(-1)) 7.3 times higher than that of the undoped BFO system. Quenching experiments and EPR analysis verified that degradation was mediated by a multipathway involving sulfate radicals (center dot SO4-), hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH), superoxide radicals (center dot O-2(-)), singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), and holes (h(+)). The degradation pathway was proposed based on LC-MS results, and toxicity assessment indicated that the toxic intermediates were ultimately mineralized into low-toxicity small molecules. This work provides a promising strategy for harnessing mechanical energy to drive advanced oxidation processes for effective antibiotic wastewater treatment.

Excessive phosphate discharge into aquatic environments causes severe eutrophication, posing significant threats to ecological balance and human health. Adsorption is a promising technology for phosphate removal, and fly ash (FA), an industrial solid waste, has attracted attention as a low-cost adsorbent. However, raw FA suffers from low adsorption capacity and pH-dependent performance, limiting its practical application. In this study, a dual-alkali (NaOH and Ca(OH)2) modified FA adsorbent (FA-NC) was developed to address these limitations. The synthesis parameters, including the alkali composition, total alkali dosage, and calcination temperature, were systematically optimized. The optimal FA-NC was prepared by mixing 5.0 g of fly ash with 7.0 g of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 at a mass ratio of 1:1, followed by calcination at 600 °C for 2 h. An adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g L−1 was selected for the subsequent phosphate adsorption experiments. The physicochemical properties of FA-NC were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques, and its phosphate adsorption performance was evaluated through batch and dynamic experiments. The results showed that under the standard batch condition (1.0 g L−1 FA-NC, 20.0 mg P L⁻1, 240 min), phosphate removal exceeded 97

Antibiotic pollution, especially tetracyclines (TCs), threatens ecosystems and human health due to their persistence and role in spreading antibiotic resistance. Conventional wastewater treatments face limitations in cost, efficiency, and secondary pollution. This study reports the development of a series of manganese oxide (MnO)loaded biochar (BC) catalysts derived from waste corn stalk for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The interaction between MnO and BC significantly enhanced TCH degradation efficiency by facilitating the redox cycle between Mn(II) and Mn(III), which proved more effective than the Mn (IV)/Mn(III) cycle. At a low dosage (0.4 g L- 1), the optimal 5-MnO-BC catalyst achieved complete degradation of 100 mg L- 1 TCH within 30 min, accompanied by the highest COD removal percentage of 39.2 %. The influence of key operational parameters (calcination temperature, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, pH, initial TCH concentration, nd inorganic anions) on the HCO process of 5-MnO-BC was systematically investigated. The 5MnO-BC catalyst demonstrated excellent reusability over multiple cycles without significant deactivation and maintained high efficacy in various real water matrices. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that superoxide radicals (center dot O2- ) and hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) were the dominant reactive oxygen species driving TCH degradation. Possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the identification of intermediate products. Theoretical toxicity assessment and mung bean sprout cultivation experiments confirmed the effective detoxification of TCH into less toxic byproducts. These findings demonstrate the synthesized n-MnO-BC as a highly efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly HCO catalyst demonstrating strong promise for large-scale antibiotic removal from wastewater.

Pollution of microplastics (MPs) has been drastically threating human health, however, whose elimination from the environment by current approaches is inefficient due to their high molecular weight, strong hydrophobicity and stable covalent bonds. Herein, we report a novel and highly-efficient route to degrade MPs contaminants through synergistically piezocatalytic and Fenton-like activation of H2O2 by a ferroelectric Bi 12 (Bi 0.5 Fe 0.5 )O 19.5 catalyst under ultrasound treatment. For 10 g/L polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET-MPs), the synergistic strategy reached a 28.9 % removal rate in 72 h, which is greatly enhanced in comparison to the individual piezocatalysis and Fenton (Fenton-like) activation. By optimizing the types of oxidants (H2O2, peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate) and bismuth ferrite catalysts (non-piezoelectric Bi2Fe4O9 and piezoelectric BiFeO3/Bi12(Bi0.5Fe0.5)O19.5), it was revealed that H2O2 is the best oxidant, and the piezoelectric Bi 12 (Bi 0.5 Fe 0.5 )O 19.5 with a high aspect-ratio morphology showed higher activity than the Bi2Fe4O9 and BiFeO3. The catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration were further optimized, and the good durability of the catalyst was also demonstrated through multiple uses. Different characterization technologies demonstrated the occurrence of PET-MPs oxidation and fragmentation during the treatment process. The plausible mechanism of synergistically piezocatalytic and Fenton-like H2O2 activation was proposed based on measurements of band structure, piezoelectric property and reactive oxygen species generation. Finally, we detected the intermediates and determined a possible degradation route of PET-MPs. The toxicity assessment indicated that the produced intermediates have low toxicity and potential risks to the environment.

The Prion 2024 annual conference, held in Nanchang, China, from 23 to 27 October, drew nearly 300 leading scientists, clinicians, researchers, and students from 17 countries to examine the latest advancements in prion research and related diseases. This landmark event marked the inaugural international prion conference hosted in a developing nation for the first time and celebrated the 20th anniversary of the NeuroPrion Association, the organizing body of this prestigious annual gathering - 'Celebrating Two Decades of Progress: Pioneering a New Era.' The conference spotlighted key themes such as epidemiology, pathogenesis, the connections between ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. It showcased innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for both human and animal prion diseases, as well as related conditions including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, prion protein-associated cancers, and renal injury. The programme featured 70 invited talks and 21 selected oral presentations, culminating in 7 plenary sessions led by esteemed speakers, including Nobel Laureate Stanley B. Prusiner. This overview summarizes key presentations and highlights significant aspects of the conference, emphasizing the impactful discussions and collaborations that emerged from this historic event.

Formaldehyde (HCHO), an indoor volatile organic compound (VOC), significantly impacts human health, driving the market demand for more effective degradation technologies. Photothermal catalysis offers a sustainable, efficient, and energy-saving solution for indoor HCHO purification. In this study, we investigated the photothermal catalytic efficiency of HCHO using synthesized copper foam (CF)-based monolithic catalysts. By loading nanostructured cobalt oxide with varying morphologies onto the CF surface, it was observed that cobalt oxide with a three-dimensional (3D) flower-like structure exhibited the highest photothermal performance. Under ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-vis-NIR) light irradiation alone, this structure achieved a surface temperature of 148.5 degrees C and demonstrated removal efficiencies of 96.5% and 94.6% for 300 ppm of HCHO in batch and fixed-bed reactors, respectively. The high efficiency of HCHO purification is attributed to the enhanced oxygen mobility from the catalyst, which activates the Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) oxidation pathway of the C-H bond at elevated temperatures. Additionally, short-wave light excitation induces electron transitions, initiating a mechanism involving free radical oxidation. This study highlights the potential of conventional transition metal catalysts as efficient photothermal catalysts for indoor air purification.

(1) Background: A safe and effective nucleic acid sample transportation method was developed that is suitable for underdeveloped areas which lack advanced sequencing capabilities, specifically for virus genomic sequencing and infectious disease monitoring. (2) Methods: This study evaluated the use of Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for transporting amplified whole-genome DNA from 120 SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab samples in Sierra Leone. Nucleic acid extraction and whole-genome amplification were conducted at a local laboratory. Amplified products were applied to FTA Elute cards for room temperature shipment to China CDC for elution and sequencing. (3) Results: The FTA card method achieved a 9.6% recovery rate for amplicons, sufficient for viral genome sequencing. In total, 86 (71.7%) high-quality SRAS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were obtained, with the majority reaching depths exceeding 100X. Sequence analysis revealed co-circulation of Delta, Omicron, and B.1 lineages. Higher Ct values in the original sample significantly reduced coverage and depth, with Ct ≤ 27; 73.6% of samples yielded effective sequences. (4) Conclusions: Transportation of amplified nucleic acid samples using FTA cards enables virus genomic sequencing in resource-limited areas. This approach can potentially improve local virus surveillance and outbreak response capabilities. Further optimizations could improve sequence recovery rate. Implementing this method could significantly enhance sequencing accessibility in underdeveloped regions.

Antibiotic pollution has drastically threatened human health and aquatic ecosystem, and current technologies are confronted with inevitable limitations. Herein, we used BiFeO3 (BFO) as catalyst, and employed an ultrasound-assistant strategy to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for degrading antibiotic contaminants. The synthetic conditions including hydrothermal temperature and time were optimized, and the optimal BFO catalyst could completely decompose Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC, 15 mg l-1) in 30 min. The degradation rate of the BFO/PDS/US system is 4.76, 3.98 and 7.14 times higher than those of the PDS/US, BFO/US (piezoelectric catalysis) and BFO/PDS (Fenton-like process) systems, implying the synergistic effect. The influence of reaction conditions on the TC removal was investigated, including TC concentration, pH, and inorganic salt. This technology was demonstrated to possess high efficiency for different antibiotics and aquatic environments, and have good cycling durability. Different reactive oxygen species (ROSs), center dot SO4- , center dot OH, center dot O2- and 1O2, were generated during the activation process. The coexistence of Bi3+/Bi5+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ in BFO was confirmed, and the relative content of Fe3+ increased after reaction, indicating the cycle process of Fe2+/Fe3+. Therefore, a synergistic mechanism of piezoelectric catalysis and Fenton-like activation was proposed to explain the ultrasoundassistant PDS activation by BFO for degradation antibiotics. Finally, the intermediates were detected and their possible toxicities were assessed, which proved the treatment could effectively decrease the potential risk of TC wastewater to environment.

Mounting evidence shows that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), derived mainly from intestinal bacteria, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). SCFAs, directly or indirectly mediated by SCFA receptors and transporters in neuronal cells, participate in the pathophysiological processes of various neurodegenerative diseases, but their roles in prion diseases are rarely addressed. Here, the abnormal changes in SCFA receptors and transporters in a prion-infected cell line and in the brains of several prion-scrapie-infected rodent models were evaluated by various methods. Markedly decreased GPR41 and MCT4 levels were observed in the brains of scrapie-infected rodents at the terminal stage and in the prion-infected cell line, whereas GPR43 and MCT1 levels did not change significantly. Morphological assays identified close colocalization of both GPR41 and MCT4 with NeuN-positive cells, while only a low amount was observed with Iba1-positive and GFAP-positive cells in the brains of prion-infected mice. Reduction of HO-1, an antioxidative agent in Nrf2 signaling, was observed in the brains of both prion-infected rodent models and the prion-infected cell line. Reductions of GPR41 and MCT4 in the prion-infected cell line were reversible after the removal of prion replication and stimulation with SCFA (sodium propionate) or a GPR41 agonist, accompanied by recovering the HO-1 level and improving cell viability. Our data presented here demonstrate a correlation between alterations in GPR41/MCT4 expression and the shifts in cellular composition that accompany prion pathogenesis. Furthermore, we explore the potential association between SCFA signaling and prion neurotoxicity, identifying it as a crucial area for future research endeavors.

The catalytic degradation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) often encounters challenges such as excessive chlorination, volatilization, and deactivation of active catalytic sites, resulting in a shortened catalyst lifespan, formation of polychlorinated by-products, and reduced rate of mineralization. Herein, we developed H-zeolite supported multi-interface metal catalysts consisting of CuNbCeOx/HZSM-5 with three types of conjugated active centers. Through experimental and computational demonstrations, we have shown that the catalytic destruction of chlorobenzene (CB) involves distinct active centers responsible for directional fixed chlorine, water dechlorination, and high efficiency mineralization processes. The temperature at which 90% of CB is removed can be achieved at 260 degrees C, while complete mineralization occurs at 370 degrees C. and stability tests demonstrate that complete removal of CB can be maintained at 320 degrees C for over 24 h. The excellent resistance to chlorine poisoning during reaction process is primarily due to the preferential adsorption of chlorine over the NbO of Cu-Nb interface, inhibiting the transformation of Cu-O and Ce-O to Cu-Cl and Ce-Cl, which maintain the high level of oxidation performance. After addition water into reaction process, the hydrogen protons produced through water dissociation transfer the chlorine adsorbed on the copper-connected Nb surface to form HCl. This is caused by the water molecules efficiently absorb onto the Ce-O at the Cu-Ce interface and then dissociate on adjacent Cu-O sites. This water-mediated promotion of chlorine transfer significantly also reduces the content of dichlorobenzene and chlorophenol, which are precursors to dioxins. Finally, a detailed mechanism for CB elimination has been proposed by using In situ DRIFTS and GC/MS. These findings provide possible solution for catalyst design and process optimization in practical applications aimed at eliminating chlorinated organic waste gases from industrial emissions.