In the present study, mice were subjected to prolonged treatment with ethanolic extract of Salvia lachnostachys Benth leaves (SLEE), and the inflammatory and arthritic parameters were evaluated using the Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model. The genotoxicity of SLEE were also assayed using genetic toxicological tests. For the CFA model, 28 male C57BL/6 mice were distributed randomly into four groups (control, 50 mg/kg of SLEE, 100 mg/kg of SLEE and dexamethasone) for the evaluation of hyperalgesia and paw edema for 21 days after injection of CFA into the paw. To conduct the toxicogenetic assessments (comet assay and micronuclei assay), apoptosis and splenic phagocytosis were evaluated in male Swiss mice after the administration of saline (control group), cyclophosphamide (positive control group) and SLEE (10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg). SLEE significantly reduced the mechanical hyperalgesia and edema caused by CFA injection. The results of the toxicogenetic assessment revealed no toxicogenetic potential in the mice, and the evaluation of apoptosis showed an increase in apoptotic cells in the spleen after 72 h of treatment with SLEE (1000 mg/kg). SLEE exhibited anti-arthritic activity with no toxicogenetic damage. These toxicogenic results support the safety of SLEE.

Objectives This study investigated the antidepressant and antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract (SLEE) and pure fruticuline A obtained from Salvia lachnostachys leaves on rats and mice.Methods In this study, SLEE (100 mg/kg, p. o. route) was evaluated for its effects on spared nerve injury (SNI) in rats. The animals were submitted to mechanical sensitivity, forced swim (FST) and cold sensitivity tests 10 and 15 days after surgery. SLEE (100 mg/kg, p. o.) and fruticuline A (3 mg/kg, p. o.) were also evaluated with respect to nociceptive behavior induced by formalin. In addition, clonidine-induced depressive-like behavior was also analyzed.Results The oral administration of SLEE for up to 15 days and the subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/ kg of ketamine (positive control) significantly inhibited SNI-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and decreased immobility in the FST. On the 15th day of oral treatment, SLEE prevented the SNI-induced increase in cold sensitivity. In the formalin test, SLEE and fruticuline A significantly reduced the frequency of paw licking during the first and second phases and decreased the formation of edema. In locomotor analysis (open field test without clonidine treatment), SLEE and fruticuline A did not alter the response. SLEE and fruticuline A significantly attenuated clonidine-induced suppression of spontaneous locomotor activity (squares invaded and licking) and emotionality (grooming and freezing) compared with controls, similar to the naive group.Conclusion SLEE exhibits antihyperalgesic, antidepressant, and antinociceptive effects, and fruticuline A appears to be at least partly responsible for the effects of SLEE. Together, these results demonstrate the antidepressive effects of SLEE and fruticuline A and indicate that both derivatives obtained from S. lachnostachys act against spontaneous neuropathic pain.

The essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Cantinoa stricta (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B. Pastore (Lamiaceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The major components of both oils were caryophyllene oxide (leaf - 31.6%; flower - 21.7%) and cis-pinane (leaf -15.4%; flower - 9.7%). The flower oil also contained significant amounts of alpha-pinene (9.4%) and beta-pinene (9.1%). The oils were tested in vitro against U251 (glioma), UACC-62 (melanoma), MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (lung), PC-3 (prostate), K-562 (leukemia) human cancer cell lines and against HaCat (no cancer cell), using the sulforhodamine B method. Both oils showed antiproliferative activity against all tested cells lines (TGI < 50 mu g/mL), with exception of K562 cells. The highest activity was observed against MCF-7 cell lines (TGI = 4.54-10.36 mu g/mL).

A bioassay-guided fractionation of Salvia lachnostachys Benth leaf extract led to the isolation of three known diterpenes, namely fruticuline A (1), fruticuline B (2) and 7,20-dihydrofruticuline A (3), together with two new compounds, 4 and 5. The structures were mainly elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS. The cytotoxic activity of the crude ethanol extract, the semi-purified fractions (A-E) and compounds 1, 2 and 4 were evaluated against seven human cancer cell lines and the normal cell line HaCat. The ethanol extract showed activity against all tested cell lines (GI50 25.0⿿44.0μg/mL). Among the fractions, the greatest activity was exhibited by fraction A (eluted with hexane), which inhibited the growth of all tested cell lines with GI50 of 3.9⿿19.5μg/mL. Compounds 1 and 4 were the most active, inhibiting the growth of U251, MCF-7, NCI-ADR/RES, 786.0, NCI-H460, PC-3, OVCAR-03 and HaCat cell lines with GI50<10μM. Compound 2 showed moderate activity against MCF-7, NCI-H460, OVCAR-03, K562 and HaCat, with GI50 varying 19.9⿿29.3μM.

The genetic diversity and population structure of Salvia lachnostachys Benth were assessed. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were used to investigate the restricted distribution of S. lachnostachys in Parana State, Brazil. Leaves of 73 individuals representing three populations were collected. DNA was extracted and submitted to PCR-ISSR amplification with nine tested primers. Genetic diversity parameters were evaluated. Our analysis indicated 95.6% polymorphic loci (stress value 0.02) with a 0.79 average Simpson's index. The Nei-Li distance dendrogram and principal component analysis largely recovered the geographical origin of each sample. Four major clusters were recognized representing each collected population. Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index were 0.25 and 0.40 respectively. As is typical for outcrossing herbs, the majority of genetic variation occurred at the population level (81.76%). A high gene flow (Nm = 2.48) was observed with a correspondingly low fixation index. These values were generally similar to previous studies on congeneric species. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and of arithmetic average (UPGMA) were consistent and all three populations appear distinct as in STRUCTURE analysis. In addition, this analysis indicated a majority intrapopulation genetic variation. Despite the human pressure on natural populations our study found high levels of genetic diversity for S. lachnostachys. This was the first molecular assessment for this endemic species with medicinal proprieties and the results can guide for subsequent bioprospection, breeding programs or conservation actions.

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the ethanolic extract (SLEE) and fruticulin A from the leaves of Salvia lachnostachys were evaluated in mice, using experimental models of inflammation (paw oedema and pleurisy induced by carrageenan injection) and hyperalgesia (electronic Von Frey). Oral administration of SLEE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and fruticulin A (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg) decreased the total leucocytes number in pleural lavage, protein extravasation, and paw oedema. SLEE (100 mg/kg) and fruticulin A (3 mg/kg) also exhibited antihyperalgesic activity in carrageenan induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, fruticulin A (3 mg/kg) prevented mechanical hyperalgesia, inhibiting TNF but not L-DOPA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. In conclusion, SLEE and fruticulin A display anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Therefore, fruticulin A is at least partially responsible for the activity observed in the ethanolic extract of Salvia lachnostachys.

•Two steroids and thirteen alkaloids were isolated for the first time from the leaves of Annona rugulosa.•These alkaloids support the view that Rollinia must be placed in Annona.•Norisocoridine and litseferine are been described from the genus Annona for the first time.•Magnococline is been described from the family Annonaceae for the first time.•Complete and unequivocal 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for magnococline are giving.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo taxonômico das espécies de Ocotea (Aubl.) no estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil. São fornecidos chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e comentários, que incluem distribuição geográfica, habitat, estado de conservação e época de floração e frutificação. O estudo confirmou 31 espécies de Ocotea no estado do Paraná. A Floresta Atlântica tem o maior número de espécies (26) sendo onze endêmicas, seguida pela Floresta com Araucária (14) com uma endêmica, Floresta Estacional (11), Cerrado (7) com duas endêmicas e Campos (1). Duas espécies correm risco de extinção local. Ocotea daphnifolia (Meisn.) Mez e Ocotea velutina (Nees) Rohwer são citadas pela primeira vez no Paraná.

Salvia lachnostachys Benth., Lamiaceae, is a endemic species from southern Brazil. The essential oil of its leaves and flowers is mainly constituted by aliphatic compounds, such as dodecanoic acid, with sesquiterpenes as minor constituents. This work evaluated the morphology, anatomy, microchemistry, and phytochemistry of S. lachnostachys to provide advanced knowledge of Brazilian plants with medicinal potential. Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used in the anatomical and microchemical studies. Compounds were isolated by chromatographic techniques, identified by analysis of their NMR spectra and compared with published data. S. lachnostachys can be distinguished from other related species mainly by its petiolate leaves, terminal inflorescence, persistent bracts, and villous-glandular corolla. The stem and leaves of S. lachnostachys display anatomical characteristics common to the family Lamiaceae. However, this species can be distinguished from other family members by the morphology and the presence of eglandular and glandular trichomes, as well as the organization of the vascular bundles of the petiole. The phytochemical results revealed that S. lacnostachys produces oleanolic and ursolic acids in addition to the diterpene fruticuline A, which is a rare compound, previously found only in Salvia fruticulosa Benth. and S. corrugata Vahl. Ursolic and oleanolic acids are bioactive triterpenes that exhibit antiatherosclerotic, anticancer, antihypertensive, antinflammatory, antileukemic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antiviral activities, and fruticuline A has antibacterial activity. Microsc. Res. Tech. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves of Casearia lasiophylla Eichler, Salicaceae, was analyzed by gas capillary (GC/FID and GC/MS). The cytotoxicity of the leaves essential oil was tested in vitro against U251 (glioma), UACC-62 (melanoma), MCF-7 (breast), NC1-ADR/RES (ovarian-resistant), NCI-H460 (lung), PC03 (prostate), OVCAR-3 (ovarian), HT-29 (colon) and K562 (leukemia) human cancer cells and against VERO (no cancer cell). The yield of oil was 0.02%. Fifty two compounds were identified, representing 87.1% of the total of the oil. The main components were identified as germacrene D (18.6%), beta-caryophyllene (14.7%), delta-cadinene (6.2%), and alpha-cadinol (5.4%). The oil exhibited antiproliferative activity against all cell lines (TGI<100 mu g/mL), with exception of NCI-H460 cell line (TGI 191.31. mu g/mL). The highest activity was observed against UACC-62 (TGI 7.30 mu g/mL), and K562 (TGI 7.56 mu g/mL) cell lines. The observed activity could be related to high content of germacrene D and. beta-caryophyllene, compounds known as cytotoxic.

Salvia officinalis L., popularmente conhecida como sálvia, é rica em óleos essenciais, possui propriedades antioxidante e antimicrobiana e age como protetor gástrico, antiinflamatório e hipoglicemiante, além de ser usada como condimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a análise sensorial de Salvia officinalis. Para os testes utilizou-se como base molho de tomate em quatro preparações: uma padrão (sem sálvia), uma com sálvia fresca e duas com sálvia desidratada nas concentrações de 0,15 e 0,30%, com pH de 3,742 a 3,825, Estas preparações foram degustadas por 42 avaliadores não treinados. Os parâmetros avaliados foram aparência, sabor do condimento, sabor salgado, cor e aroma do condimento, usando escala hedônica com valores de 1, para desgostei muitíssimo, a 9, para gostei muitíssimo. Na análise estatística usou-se Anova, com o teste de Kruskall-Wallis para as variáveis não paramétricas e Tukey para as variáveis paramétricas. Obteve-se como resultado índices de aceitação de 5 a 6, equivalentes na escala hedônica a indiferente e gostei ligeiramente. O condimento fresco teve uma melhor aceitação. O pH ácido do molho de tomate pode ter influenciado no baixo índice de aceitação sensorial da sálvia. Diante disto sugere-se a realização de novos testes com ajustes no preparo do molho e/ou a inclusão de um suporte na degustação.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae), Ocotea paranaensis Brotto, Baitello, Cervi & E.P.Santos, é descrita e ilustrada, baseado na revisão das Lauraceae que ocorrem na Floresta Atlântica no estado do Paraná, no sul do Brasil.

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Este trabalho consiste no levantamento das espécies de Ochnaceae DC. que ocorrem no estado do Paraná. Foram registrados dois gêneros: Ouratea Aubl. com seis espécies, O. claudei G.S. Salvador, E.P. Santos & Cervi, O. parviflora (DC.) Baill., O. salicifolia (A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl. , O. sellowii (Planch.) Engl., O. spectabilis Engl., O. vaccinioides (A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl. e Sauvagesia L. com quatro espécies, S. erecta L., S. racemosa A.St.-Hil., S. capillaris (A.St.-Hil.) Sastre e S. vellozii (A.St.-Hil.) Sastre. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, comentários e distribuição geográfica para cada espécie estudada.