Industrial symbiosis (IS) refers to the integration and optimization of numerous industrial systems and processes and is inspired by the nature. By allowing the exchange of materials, energy, other resources, byproducts or valuable waste among companies, the goal is to increase resource efficiency and decrease potential waste. In this study, the IS relevant concepts and examples from the literature are briefly discussed, and a survey is conducted in Konya organized industrial zone. The primary obstacle faced during the survey study is the companies' reluctance to communicate and share information. The survey explores the current level of knowledge, existing energy efficiency efforts, and organizations' willingness to address the topic if grants and subsidies are available. Following the survey, exchange opportunities from the literature are compiled, considering the sectoral structure of the selected zone. Sectoral pairings are formed to encourage businesses and to demonstrate applicability and symbiosis opportunities. Hence, outcomes show how industrial symbiosis has an impact on energy and resource efficiency and waste reduction within selected industrial zone. In addition, its connection and relationship with government incentives, investments and energy efficiency networks are also discussed. As a result, it has been found that there is significant symbiosis potential in a growing and developing region like the Konya industrial zone, through sectoral matching of companies. By increasing awareness among companies, providing financial and legal support, and assisting them in setting targets, inter-company symbiosis efforts can be facilitated and expanded.

Energy performance contracts (EPC) are important tools to spread energy efficiency (EE) applications in the energy service market of countries, encourage large-scale projects by overcoming the risk on the customer side, and provide financing on the projects implemented by energy service companies. This study aims to analyze the level of market participant knowledge, present the experiences of EE projects with and without the utilization of EPCs, evaluate the main market barriers, and draw policy recommendations for the expansion of the market in Turkey. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on energy service company representatives, facility workers, and independent energy managers. The Chi-Square χ2 test, which is preferred in the analysis of non-parametric and qualitative data, was used in the statistical evaluation of the answers. Survey results show that there are no significant associations observed between projects with and without using EPC. Results show that EPC applications in Turkey do not meet certain EPC requirements. The study revealed that obtaining financing is the most difficult stage for both projects. For the correct and widespread implementation of EPCs in Turkey, there is still a need for more development including improving sector coverage, stakeholders' knowledge, and market conditions.

Consumers’ adoption of efficient use of energy varies depending on the demographic, situational, and behavioral dynamics in their households. Migrants influence the energy consumption patterns of their host countries because of having different energy usage behavior. The number of migrants, especially from Syria, has been increasing in Turkey. Meanwhile, energy consumption has been increasing, rapidly. Providing equity of supply and demand can be a major issue, especially in the electricity market, causing more stability and preventing scarcity thus leading to reliable forecasts. In this context, this study aims to identify the main driving forces that form the migrated household’s behavior towards electricity consumption in Turkey. For this purpose, a detailed survey was prepared and conducted between April and June 2019 in the districts of Zeytinburnu and Fatih. There are 503 participants, 251 from Fatih and 252 from ZEYTINBURNU. Then, answers to the survey are investigated by using NETICA software considering Bayesian Belief Networks. According to obtained results, BBN shows that in the current situation migrated households consume electricity inefficiently with 73%. To change habits, they should be aware of how to use electric appliances more efficiently and financial support by distribution and/or retail companies should be considered for tariff/bill arrangements and providing more efficient electrical appliances for these households.

To realize the existing energy-saving potential in a short time according to 2012/27/EU Energy Efficiency Directive, in 2017, Turkey published National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), containing Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes EEOS establishment action. Since research studies are needed to guide the NEEAP, this study was conducted to establish an exemplary model for Turkish EEOS. Based on the literature, the main hypothesis of the study is “EEOS could contribute significantly to NEEAP targets”. Electricity Distribution Companies (EDCs) are assumed as obligated parties, a guideline containing standard energy efficiency (EE) actions for residential, commercial, and industrial sectors was prepared. Concerning EDCs' market shares, mixed-integer linear programming models, minimizing EE actions' costs, were developed to examine four annual saving targets (0.8%, 1.5%, 2%, and least) under three scenarios (yearly-based obligation, yearly-based with using 5% of each action and no constraints). Saving target 2% for 7 years with no constraint gives the highest energy-saving (above 200 TWh) and the least is from the least annual target for 10 years with yearly based obligation (below 100 TWh). In conclusion, if EDCs fulfill their obligations under specified targets and scenarios, Turkish NEEAP's saving target can be fulfilled between 10% and 44%, supporting the hypothesis of the study.

In Turkey, the energy service market has been growing since 2008 and one of the main actors is energy efficiency consulting (EVD) companies. As of January 2020, 45 EVD have been active in the market. To analyze the current situation of the energy service market, a questionnaire was prepared and sent to all EVD companies and 13 of them responded. In the questionnaire, the main contents can be listed as control authority, sub-sectors for the energy efficiency audits and implementation projects, possible measures determined after audits, the main focus of implementation projects, and main financing sources in audits and implementation projects. The obtained answers were explored by Bayesian belief networks (BBN) through Netica modelling program. According to BBN analysis, in the current situation, the success of the energy service market is about 58%. Considering both the improvements in the regulations and the results of the survey together with BBN, SWOT analysis of the Turkish energy service market was made. Depending on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, in order to improve the success, it is clarified that implementation projects should be increased both in number and quality. National Energy Efficiency Fund should be formed and it is declared that energy performance contracts (EnPCs) should be more actively used together with measurement and verification for more reliable market formation.

In Turkey, refugees from Syria have been continuously increasing with rapid urbanization. Concurrently, energy consumption has been growing promptly. Supply and demand equality may be a crucial problem in the electricity market causing further instability and shortages leading to reliable predictions a necessity. For this reason, an informative questionnaire is prepared to take the expert opinions on the main drivers that shape the energy consumption behavior of Syrian refugees. In total, 17 experts are interviewed. The answers are explored by using NETICA software for Bayesian Belief Networks. Factors affecting energy consumption behavior and also strategies, institutions, tools, and financing methods that change the behavior toward efficient consumption are investigated. Based on obtained results, it can be claimed that to be successful, electricity prices and tariffs in the market should be arranged in the favor of energy efficiency. Besides, support mechanisms by not only the government but also by the municipalities should be considered while setting related policies. Also, electric appliance producers should develop and implement strategies and actions to encourage the usage of more efficient appliances. Last but not the least, nongovernmental organizations should raise refugees’ awareness of the efficient electricity consumption to minimize the impacts of refugee inflows on the electricity market.

To achieve energy efficiency and to develop supporting policy tools have become priorities worldwide. In this respect, one of the important energy efficiency policy tools is Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme (EEOS). Turkish Government, dealing with regulations about energy efficiency since 2007, has placed EEOS in the current agenda in parallel with the global improvements. The authorities agree that EEOS could be a proper mechanism for Turkey to achieve its targets on energy efficiency. This study aims to propose a possible basic EEOS structure for Turkey as well as to present a comparative analysis of the design and implementation of the EEOS's best practices and key issues. Hence, in addition to the review of the EEOS, currently active in the European Union (EU), proper alternatives for Turkish EEOS were enlightened through expert analysis. In order to evaluate the expert opinions, Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) is implemented as a framework for uncertainty. The possible basic structure of Turkish EEOS, involving responsible authorities, related parties, support mechanisms, and basic properties of the scheme, is constructed according to experts' opinions. Related BBN analysis reveals the success probability of this structure as about 84%. Moreover, for the improvement of this success, the following implications can be considered from the best practices in the EU: the scheme must be compatible with the country's specific circumstances and have flexibility in application, promotive opportunities, and deterrent penalties and should be open for improvement.

This paper reviews the literature on energy consumption behavior for both domestic and migrated/displaced population and aims to recommend crucial policy measures for creating awareness on the energy efficiency. Consumers’ adoption to the efficient usage of energy varies depending on demographic, behavioral and situational dynamics in their households and societies. The regional or national strategies to implement efficient technologies for the consumer engagement are crucial to change their behaviors. Migrants affect the energy usage patterns in the host country due to their different usage behaviors. Any type of measures for migrated population should include available, acceptable, accessible and affordable energy efficiency applications to engage them with the domestic population.

This study includes the comparison of constant speed air conditioners (non-inverter AC) and variable speed air conditioners (inverter AC) in two identical public office rooms in terms of the energy consumption by reflecting user comfort conditions as a field test. The period of this field test was totally 64 days from 31st of July to 2nd October 2012 and ACs were operated for 43 days intermittently. After collecting real data, total and operational energy consumptions, weighted average power and energy consumptions of the selected typical days were conducted. As can be derived from the conducted analyses, the energy saving ratio of inverter AC to non-inverter AC varies between 11% and 38%. The second important observation is that the lower cooling loads than minimum rated power results in shifting inverter AC to on/off mode. The last but not the least, usually energy efficiency ratio (EER) is used as an indicator for evaluating cooling efficiencies of ACs and in this field test although both inverter and non-inverter ACs have the similar EER values, their energy consumptions differ from each other. This results in the requirement of a new indicator for better comparison of energy efficiencies of ACs. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In all over the world, there have been assessed two common energy and climate strategies. One relies on improving energy efficiency and the other aims to increase the market share of renewable energy. Turkey, being an important country in terms of energy and climate issues is required to integrate energy efficiency and renewable energy strategies into energy planning to better decide on energy sector investments, to develop appropriate energy and climate policy strategies and to evaluate energy-related issues from economic and environmental viewpoints. Therefore, in order to analyze the impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy policies and measures on the end-use energy consumption with greenhouse gas emissions, three energy policy scenarios for Turkey were developed using the Wuppertal Scenario Modeling System. These scenarios are reference for the years2010, 2020 and 2030, while domestic/independent is for 2020 and green/sustainable domestic is for 2020 and 2030. The alternative two scenarios accept the main governmental targets for the improvement of energy efficiency and the increase in the share of renewable energy. Additionally, these newly developed scenarios for Turkey were compared with the corresponding scenarios developed by International Energy Agency (IEA reference), Ministry of Environment and Urbanism (MoEU reference and alternative) in Turkey and Greenpeace (reference and revolution) which are currently available approaches for Turkey. Especially it is crucial to observe the difference between the developed reference and domestic/independent and MoEU reference and alternative ones, respectively. As a conclusion, it can be commented that the currently available MoEU scenarios make over-estimation as compared to not only developed scenarios but also the other available scenarios even if in the reference case. Hence, there is an urgent requirement to develop proper modeling approaches, like Wuppertal Institute modeling, to be able to get more realistic future projections by considering the scenario alternatives based on true assumption in the line with the country characteristics and government targets. (Less)

Treatment of mono-azo dye, tectilon yellow 2G (TY2G), by Chlorella vulgaris was investigated. COD removal efficiencies were determined as 69, 66 and 63% for the initial TY2G concentrations of 50, 200 and 400 mg/l, respectively, whereas acclimation of C. vulgaris caused them to increase to 88, 87 and 88%, respectively. Absorbance spectral profiles obtained for unacclimated algae showed that the peak observed initially at 450 nm disappeared and the one at 220 nm decreased remarkably while there was a new peak formation at 350 nm, indicating the conversion of TY2G to an end product which was further confirmed as aniline by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. In the case of acclimated algae, no aniline production was detected. The main mechanism of the removal was bioconversion in the case of unacclimated algae and degradation in the case of acclimated algae. Moreover, the higher the initial algal concentration, the higher is the COD removal efficiency achieved in a much shorter time.

Algal Treatment of Textile Dyehouse WastewaterIn this study, treatment of mono-azo dye, Tectilon Yellow 2G (TY2G), and di-azo dye, Erionyl Navy R (ENR), using an algal species, Chlorella vulgaris, was investigated. In an attempt to conduct a treatability study for TY2G by C. vulgaris, different concentrations of TY2G were added to the reactors containing initially about 500 mg/m3 algae in terms of Chl-a content. The COD removal efficiencies...Author(s)E. ACUNERF. B. DİLEKSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 62 – Industrial Issues and Treatment Technologies Symposium: Treatment and Monitoring of Complex OrganicsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2002ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20020101)2002:11L.243;1-DOI10.2175/193864702784900543Volume / Issue2002 / 11Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)243 - 243Copyright2002Word count241