Introduction: Obstruction of the ureter may occur due to congenital, iatro-genic or other reasons. This can cause hydronephrosis in the early stage and can lead to cellular inflammation, necrosis and atrophy in the kidney tissue. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the protective effect of pheniramine maleate (PM) and zofenopril on renal damage caused by hydronephrosis due to unilateral partial ureter obstruction. Material and methods: Twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: sham group, group 2: partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) group, group 3: PUUO + PM group, group 4: PUUO + zofenopril group. Paraoxonase (PON), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) of tissue and blood samples were measured and calculated. Tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically. Results: An increase in tissue TAS and a decrease in tissue TOS and OSI levels were detected in groups 3 and 4 compared to group 2 (both: p < 0.01). Tissue PON levels showed an increase in groups 3 and 4 compared to groups 1 and 2 (both: p < 0.01). Histopathological evaluation showed a decrease in interstitial inflammation and congestion in groups 3 and 4 compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The decrease was observed to be more significant in group 4 compared to group 3 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In our experimental study, we observed that PM and zofenopril reduce the oxidation and tissue damage caused by unilateral partial obstruction.

Aim: Beside efficacy of the shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) procedure, also its negative effects on the kidneys, its relation with the oxidant/antioxidant balance and the search after biomarkers for the detection of this negative effect gained interest in the recent years. The aim of the study is to investigate the possible usage of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) parameters as biomarkers for renal injury/trauma in the early period by patients undergoing SWL due to kidney stones. Material and Methods: Forty patients receiving SWL therapy due to kidney stones were included to study by collecting their blood samples before and 2 hours after the procedure. Results: It was observed that SWL therapy has deteriorated the oxidant/antioxidant balance in terms of the oxidants by analyzing the increase of IL-6 (P <0,01) and decrease in PON-1 (P = 0.049). There was no change observed in TAS (P = 0.178) and TOS (P = 0.175) and OSI (P = 0.551) parameters. Conclusion: This has shown that IL-6 and PON-1 may be more sensitive markers of renal injury after SWL in early period.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of selenium and coenzyme Q on renal damage in a partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as Group 1 Control Group, Group 2, PUUO Group, Group 3 PUUO + coenzyme Q group, Group 4 PUUO + selenium group. Paraoxonase (PON), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant levels (TOS) were analyzed biochemically from tissue and blood samples. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. RESULTS The TAC in the tissues was found to be statistically significantly increased in Groups 3 and 4, compared to Group 2. Tissue TOS was found to be significantly reduced in Groups 3 and 4, compared to Group 2. Serum PON levels were significantly increased in Group 3 and 4, compared to Group 1 and 2. Histopathological examination showed that interstitial inflammation and congestion were lesser in the coenzyme Q and selenium groups than in the PUUO group. A more significant decrease was found in the selenium group than in the coenzyme Q group. CONCLUSION Our study results showed that coenzyme Q and selenium reduced the oxidation and the damage in tissue in PUUO in rats.

PURPOSE:To investigate the biochemical, histopathologic, and spermatogenetic changes in the detorsionated testicle after experimental torsion and to study the antioxidant effects of pheniramine maleate and nebivolol.METHODS:Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Sham; Group 2: Torsion/Detorsion (T/D); Group 3: T/D + Pheniramine maleate (PM); Group 4: T/D + Nebivolol (NB) group. Paroxanase (PON), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stres index (OSI) were measured, and spermatogenetic and histopathologic evaluation was performed in tissue and blood samples.RESULTS:The evaluation of tissue TAS indicated no statistically significant difference in Group 3 compared to Group 2. A statistically significant increase was detected in Group 4 compared to Group 2. Serum PON levels revealed a statistically significant increase in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Groups 1 and 2. The Johnsen testicular biopsy score decreased in Groups 3 and 4, but the decrease was not statistically significant.CONCLUSIONS:Pheniramine maleate and nebivolol have antioxidant effects against ischemia-reperfusion damage. They also support tissue recovery, which is more significantly observed by nebivolol.

Amaç: Testiste iskemi/reperfüsyon (I/R) etkili ile oluşan oksidatif hasar üzereine Pirasetam’ın koruyucu etkilerini araştırmak. Gereç ve yöntemler: Ratlar rastgele 4 gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1 (sham, kontrol), Grup 2 = I/R (iskemi/reperfüsyon), ilaç verilmedi. Grup 3 = I/R + Pirasetam 250 mg/kg (i.p) ve Grup 4 = I/R + Pirasetam 500 mg/kg (i.p). Pirasetam intraperitoneal yolla testis torsiyonunu takiben 60. dakikada verilmiştir. Her 4 grupta işlemin başlangıcından 6 saat sonra ipsilateral sol testis ve kontralateral sağ testisler çıkarılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, Pirasetam’ın artan dozlarda (250 - 500 mg/kg) verilmesinin total antioksidan kapasiteyi (TAS) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı arttırdığını, oksidan kapasite markırı olan total oksidan düzeyi (TOS) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olmayan düzeyde arttırdığını ve oksidatif stres indeks oranını (OSI) ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde azalttığını belirledik. İpsilateral ve kontralateral testis grupları arasında Johnsen skorlama sistemine göre istatistiksel farklılık saptamadık. Sonuç: Bizim düşüncemize göre, Pirasetam tedavisi testis örneklerinde antioksidan aktiviteyi arttırmış, oksidan aktiviteyi de baskılamıştır. Ancak, histopatolojik incelemede ve spermatogenes skorlarında bir değişime neden olmamıştır.

Amaç: Dimetil Sülfoksit (DMSO) ve Pirasetam’ın deneysel unilateral üreter obstrüksiyonu (UÜO) oluşturulan ratlarda böbrek hasarını azaltıcı etkilerinin incelenmesi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma her biri 6 Sprague-Dawley rattan oluşan 4 deney grubunda yürütüldü. Grup 1: sham, Grup 2: UÜO (kontrol grubu), Grup 3: UÜO + DMSO 3.8 g/kg grubu, Grup 4: UUO + Piracetam 500 mg/kg grubu olarak tanımlandı. Total antioksidan kapasite (TAK) ve total oksidan seviye (TOS) ölçümleri ve histopatolojik inceleme için doku ve kan örnekleri alındı. Doku örnekleri histopatolojik olarak da incelendi. Bulgular: Biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik böbrek hasarı incelendi. Doku Total Antioksidan Kapasite (TAK) düzeyleri değerlendirildiğinde Grup 1 ve Grup 2’ye göre Grup 3 ve 4’de istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış olduğu görüldü. Grup 3 ve Grup 4 arasında ise istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış olduğu saptandı (p<0.001). Doku Total Oksidan Seviye (TOS) değerleri incelendiğinde Grup 1 ve Grup 2’ye göre Grup 3 ve Grup 4’de oksidan düzeyinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma olduğu; aynı zamanda Grup 3 ve Grup 4 arasında da istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma olduğu saptandı (p<0.001). Doku Oksidatif Stres Indeksi (OSI) parametresi incelendiğinde Grup 1 ve Grup 2’ye göre Grup 3 ve 4’de OSI değerlerinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma olduğu tespit edildi. Histopatolojik inceleme de böbrek dokusunda Grup 2’ye göre Grup 3 ve 4’te histopatolojik olarak istatistiksel olarak bir fark saptanmadı. Sonuç: Dokuda biyokimyasal düzeyde DMSO ve Pirasetam’ın antioksidan etkili olduğu aynı etkinin histolojik olarak koruyucu etkinlik oluşturmadığı saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte bu ilaçların farklı doz ve sürelerle yapılacak çalışmalar ile doku antioksidan özelliklerinin saptanabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Amaç: Testis torsiyonunda cerrahi olarak detorsiyone edilen testiste gelişen iskemi/reperfüzyon (I/R) hasarı üzerine İloprost ve düşük doz Metotreksat'ın koruyucu etkilerini araştırmak.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ratlar rastgele 4 gruba ayrıldı.Grup 1 (sham), Grup 2 = İskemi/Reperfüzyon, ilaç verilmedi.Grup 3 = İskemi/Reperfüzyon + İloprost (10 µg/kg) ve Grup 4 = İskemi/Reperfüzyon + Düşük doz Metotreksat (6 mg/kg).Torsiyon/iskemi ve detorsiyon/reperfüzyon süreleri 4'er saat olarak belirlenmiştir.Medikasyonlar intraperitoneal yolla testis torsiyonunu takiben 3. saatte verilmiştir.Her 4 grupta işlemin başlangıcından 8 saat sonra detorsiyone sağ testis çıkarılmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda, iloprost ve düşük doz metotreksat verilmesinin total antioksidan kapasiteyi (TAK) istatistiksel olarak anlamlı arttırdığını, oksidan kapasite markırı olan total oksidan kapasite (TOK) ve oksidatif stres indeks oranını (OSI) ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde azalttığını belirledik.İskemireperfüzyon grubu testislerde testis grupları arasında Johnsen skorlama sistemine göre istatistiksel farklılık

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the early effect of sildenafil on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty eyes of 60 patients were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent RNFL analysis by scanning laser polarimetry (Nerve Fiber Analyzer, GDx VCC:5.3.3; Laser Diagnostic Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) before and after a single 100 mg dose of sildenafil. Sixty eyes of 60 volunteers of similar age and sex distribution were taken as the control group. The RNFL thickness parameters evaluated included temporal, superior, nasal, inferior, temporal (TSNIT) average, superior average (SA), inferior average (IA), TSNIT standard deviation (SD), and nerve fiber index (NFI). RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 53,52 ± 9,26 years. The mean pre- and post-treatment TSNIT, SA, IA, TSNIT SD, and NFI of the patients were 57.46 ± 4.94 µ versus 56.90 ± 4.59 microns (µ), 68.93 ± 6,12 µ versus 67,79 ± 5,49 µ, 66,71 ± 7.10 µ versus 66.31 ± 6.82 µ, 24 ± 3.86 µ versus 23.40 ± 4.05 µ, and 16.50 ± 6.08 µ versus 14.92 ± 6.76 µ, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-treatment RNFL thicknesses (p = 0.527, p = 0.281, p = 0.754, p = 0.416, p = 0.185, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A single 100 mg dose of sildenafil seems to have no unfavorable effect on RNFL thickness in the acute phase of treatment.

Nephrolithiasis is a serious problem for both patients and the health system. Recurrence stands out as a significant problem in urinary system stone disease, the prevalence of which is increasing gradually. If recurrence is not prevented, patients may go through recurrent operations due to nephrolithiasis. While classical therapeutic options are available for all stone types, the number of randomized controlled studies and extensive meta-analyses focusing on their efficiency are inadequate. Various alternative therapeutic options to these medical therapies also stand out in recent years. The etiology of urolithiasis is multifactorial and not always related to nutritional factors. Nutrition therapy seems to be useful, either along with pharmacological therapy or as a monotherapy. General nutrition guidelines are useful in promoting public health and developing nutrition plans that reduce the risk or attenuate the effects of diseases affected by nutrition. Nutrition therapy involves the evaluation of a patient's nutritional state and intake, the diagnosis of nutrition risk factors, and the organization and application of a nutrition program. The main target is the reduction or prevention of calculus formation and growth via decreasing lithogenic risk factors and increasing lithogenic inhibitors in urine. This review focuses briefly on classical medical therapy, along with alternative options, related diets, and medical expulsive therapy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of udenafil citrate (1.4 mg kg(-1) -2.8 mg kg(-1) ), dexmedetomidine 25 μg kg(-1) and piracetam 200 mg kg(-1) administered on ipsilateral/contralateral testes after ischaemia in a rat model of testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) and define its protective effect histologically. Fifty-six Wistar albino rats were included and randomly assigned into 6 groups. No intervention was performed in control group (Group 1, n = 8) and in torsion/detorsion group, (Group 2, n = 8). Udenafil 1.4 mg kg(-1) was given to torsion/detorsion group (Group 3, n = 10), udenafil 2.8 mg kg(-1) was given to torsion/detorsion group (Group 4, n = 10), piracetam 200 mg kg(-1) was given to torsion/detorsion group (Group 5, n = 10) and dexmedetomidine 25 μg kg(-1) was given to torsion/detorsion group (Group 6, n = 10) intraperitoneally after 60 mins of testicular torsion. Biochemical and histopathological testicular injury were evaluated. When the tissue was examined by TOS values, Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5 were significantly lower than Group 2. In contrary Group 6 values were significantly higher than Group 2. The increasing doses of udenafil demonstrated antioxidant properties on the testis tissue and histopathological that protects the testicles.

PURPOSE To investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on testicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS Sham group underwent left scrotal exploration only (group 1). The ischemia-reperfusion only group underwent left testicular torsion and detorsion (group 2). The ischemia-reperfusion plus Dex group underwent left testicular torsion, received 50 µg/kg Dex (group 3) and 100 µg/kg Dex (group 4) intraperitoneally at minute 180 of ischemia and then underwent detorsion. We determined histopathological findings and performed specific biochemical analyses. RESULTS Increasing doses of Dex significantly increased TAS, and significantly decreased OSI. Analyzing the antioxidant effects of increasing doses of Dex in torsion and contrlateral testicles: Dex 100 µg/kg statistically significant increased the tissue total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) when compared with Dex 50 µg/kg but not found significantly change on the tissue total oxidant status (TOS). However, Dex did not significantly improve these histological alterations. CONCLUSION The antioxidant effects of dexmedetomidine on testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in ipsilateral and contrlateral testis, but in the histopathological level, there was no difference statistically according to Johnsen's scoring system between groups at both sides.

The male genitourinary system is quite complex. There are numerous known anomalies of the male urethra either as isolated cases or in combination with other disorders. An improved understanding of the embryology and anatomy of the normal male urethral development might help explain the causes of the various urethral abnormalities. We contribute to the etiology of congenital anomalies with this multiple urethral anomalies case.

Objective: Citrate, potassium, and calcium levels in Viburnum opulus (V. opulus) and lemon juice were compared to evaluate the usability of V. opulus in mild to moderate level hypocitraturic stone disease. Materials and Methods: V. opulus and lemon fruits were squeezed in a blender and 10 samples of each of 100 ml were prepared. Citrate, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and pH levels in these samples were examined. Results: Potassium was found to be statistically significantly higher in V. opulus than that in lemon juice (p = 0.006) whereas sodium (p = 0.004) and calcium (p = 0.008) were found to be lower. There was no difference between them in terms of the amount of magnesium and citrate. Concusions: Because V. opulus contains citrate as high as lemon juice does and it is a potassium-rich and calciumand sodium-poor fluid, it can be an alternative to pharmaceutical treatment in mild-to-moderate degree hypocitraturic stone patients. These findings should be supported with clinical studies.

A 38-year-old male patient was admitted to our outpatient department because of frequency and urgency incontinence. During evaluation it was detected that the patient was suffering from frequency which was progressive for one year, feeling of incontinence, and urgency incontinence. There was no urologic pathology detected in patient’s medical and family history. Neurologic consultation was requested due to his history of boredom, reluctance to do business, balance disorders, and recession for about 3 years. Brain computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed that amorphous calcifications were detected in the bilaterally centrum semiovale, basal ganglia, capsula interna, thalami, mesencephalon, pons and bulbus, and the bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. We have detected spontaneous neurogenic detrusor overactivity without sphincter dyssynergia after evaluating the voiding diary, cystometry, and pressure flow study. We consider the detrusor overactivity which occurred one year after the start of the neurological symptoms as the suprapontine inhibition and damage in the axonal pathways in the Fahr syndrome.

Osseous metaplasia within urinary tract is a very rare entity. Nowadays the use of traditional imaging methods seems to be not sufficient to make differentional diagnosis of urinary tract stone to osseous metaplasia. The pathophysiology of heterotopic bone tissue formation was defined nearly hundred years ago. The renal Osseous metaplasia has been considered to be associated with mucosal injury, ischemia, trauma or carcinogenesis. An osseous metaplasia was detected on the ureter without any stone encrustation, so that the entity was thought to be the primary lesion. In our case we detected cristalloids surrounding the osseous metaplasia.

AIMDespite the role of prostatic apex on post-radical prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) has been encountered, the impact of prostatic apex tumor on urinary recovery has been poorly adressed. We aimed to evaluate the effect of prostatic apex tumor on PPI.METHODSBetween January 2008 and December 2011, a total 36 consecutive patients who underwent open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) for prostate adenocancer (PCa) were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of prostatic apical tumor. Urinary incontinence was assessed at regular intervals following RP using validated Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form and 24-hour pad use based on patients' reports. Urinary continence was defined as wearing no pads. All patients' functional and oncological data were recorded.RESULTSOverall urinary continence rate at one year was 90%. There was a statistical difference between two groups in terms of urinary recovery (P=0.024). The 1 week, 1 month, 3 month, 6 months and 1 year postoperative continence rates were 28%, 50%, 85%, 92.9% and 92.9%, respectively, in patients with apex infiltration (-) group, compared with 0%, 22.7%, 45.5%, 72.7% and 86.4%, respectively, in patients with infiltration (+) group.CONCLUSIONThe results provided that infiltration of the prostatic apex could significantly affect urinary continence recovery time after RP and advanced pathologic stage could be a risk for PPI.