The Tables summarize experimental results from muonic atom transition energies, nuclear charge parameters from elastic electron scattering, and K x-ray isotope shifts in so far as they provide information on nuclear ground-state charge radii. Numerous experimental results for optical isotope shifts have been published elsewhere; for eight elements the relevant information is condensed ("projected") here to one optical line per element. A model-independent analysis which combines data from all three experimental methods is applied to these elements and is presented as an illustration of the improved accuracy for the rms radii and Barrett radii which result from this analysis.

We have measured the strong interaction shifts and widths of the pionic 3d2p transitions in separated isotopes of 54,56Fe, 59Co, and 58,60,61,62,64Ni. We have fitted phenomenological pionnuclear potential parameters to the pionic-atom data employing nuclear structure information from measured charge densities. We have explored the sensitivity of these data to the values of the p-wave terms and have used them to determine the neutron radii. We compare these radii with Hartree-Fock predictions and with the results of other probes.

The muonic atom energies of the 2p-1s and the 3d-2p transitions were measured with a statistical accuracy of better than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}70 and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40 eV, respectively, for $^{123,124,125,126,128,130}\mathrm{Te}$. The values for the Barrett equivalent nuclear radii ${R}_{k}$,\ensuremath{\alpha} and for the root-mean-square radii and their differences were calculated first from muonic data alone and second with the addition of published optical data. The latter data provided the radii of $^{120}\mathrm{Te}$ and $^{122}\mathrm{Te}$ isotopes, which were not measured by muonic x rays. A combined analysis of the muonic atom and optical isotope shift data yielded high-precision values of the differences in radii \ensuremath{\Delta}${R}_{k}$,\ensuremath{\alpha} (error <\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 am) and \ensuremath{\Delta}〈${r}^{2}$${〉}^{1/2}$ (error <\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 am) between the neighboring isotopes. The optical constants for the Te line \ensuremath{\lambda}=4049 A\r{} were determined (including contributions of higher radial moments) to be F=(509\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}120) mK/${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ and M=-(104\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}63)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ mK. Systematic behavior of the radius differences in neighboring isotopes and isotones of Ba, Xe, Te, and Sn, together with odd-even staggering of the Te isotopes, are discussed in this paper. The \ensuremath{\Delta}N=2 Te isotope shifts between even-A nuclei decrease nearly linearly with increasing N, which can be explained by a successive decreasing deformation in accordance with the observed systematics. The experimental data for the Te isotopes proved to be in good agreement with even-A Hartree-Fock calculations and with recent Hartree-Fock calculations for odd-A nuclei in which three-body forces are considered. A linear decrease of the nuclear skin thickness with decreasing deformation was observed and is explained by a simple model.

The muonic K, L, and M X-ray spectra from 241Am and 243Am have been investigated. Analysis of these spectra yields intrinsic nuclear quadrupole moments [Q0241 = 12.16(15) e b and Q0243 = 12.10(17) e b] and Barrett radii. By combining these results with those from a previous optical isotope-shift study, the intrinsic quadrupole moment for the fission isomer 240fAm is deduced [Q0240f = 29.0(1.3) e b].

Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of $^{176}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{178}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$, and $^{180}\mathrm{Hf}$ were investigated by muonic atom $K$ and $L$ x-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii ${R}_{k}$ and the isotope shifts $\ensuremath{\Delta}{R}_{k}$ were measured, and values of $〈{r}^{2}〉$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}〈{r}^{2}〉$ were deduced. A weak odd-even staggering of the nuclear charge radii was observed for the series $^{176\ensuremath{-}178}\mathrm{Hf}$ and $^{178\ensuremath{-}180}\mathrm{Hf}$. A large negative isomer shift was observed in the ${2}^{+}$ state of the $^{176}\mathrm{Hf}$ nucleus, a fact that existing theories do not explain. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states of the hafnium nuclei were determined to be ${Q}^{176}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}2.10(2) e$ b, ${Q}^{177}({\frac{9}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=1.30(2) e$ b, ${Q}^{178}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}2.02(2) e$ b, ${Q}^{179}({\frac{11}{2}}^{+})=1.88(3) e$ b, and ${Q}^{180}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}2.00(2) e$ b. These quadrupole moments and the simultaneously determined $B(E2)$ values for the respective nuclei are in satisfactory agreement with the predictions of the axially symmetric rotor model.

Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ and $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$ were investigated by muonic atom $K$ and $L$ x-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii ${R}_{k}$ and the isotope shift $\ensuremath{\Delta}{R}_{k}$ were measured, and the value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}〈{r}^{2}〉=0.606(18)$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ was deduced. This isotope shift is the largest known of all nuclear pairs. The isomer shift of the first excited state of $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$ is found to be close to zero, in contrast to the large isomer shifts observed in its neighbors: $^{152}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states were determined as ${Q}^{151}({\frac{7}{2}}^{+})=1.28(2) e$ b and ${Q}^{153}({\frac{7}{2}}^{+})=0.44(2) e$ b. The value for $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ and its ground-state quadrupole moment of ${Q}^{151}({\frac{5}{2}}^{+})=0.90(1) e$ b reported previously are several times larger than the respective single particle units. This fact shows that a fair amount of collectivity is involved in the ${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$ ground state and in the ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$ first excited state of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$.

The X-ray energies and widths of the pionic 4f → 3d transitions (M X-ray) of 166, 168Ev and 176Hf have been measured. The measured widths [Г(166Er) = 19.7(0.9) keV, Г168Er) = 19.4(1.0) keV, and [Г(176Hf) = 27.8(4.3) keV] are in good agreement with theoretical calculations, and suggest that anomalous widths, if they exist, begin at or above Z = 73.

The ground-state quadrupole moments of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$, $^{163}\mathrm{Dy}$, $^{167}\mathrm{Er}$, $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$, and $^{193}\mathrm{Ir}$ were determined by measuring the quadrupole hyperfine-splitting energies of muonic $M$ x rays. The results are $Q=0.903(10)e$ b for $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$, $Q=2.412(21) e$ b for $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $Q=1.432(8) e$ b for $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$, $Q=2.648(21) e$ b for $^{163}\mathrm{Dy}$, $Q=3,565(29) e$ b for $^{167}\mathrm{Er}$, $Q=3.365(29) e$ b for $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$, $Q=3.793(33) e$ b for $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$, $Q=0.816(9) e$ b for $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$, and $Q=0.751(9) e$ b for $^{193}\mathrm{Ir}$. The present quadrupole moments, compared with values obtained from electronic-atom hyperfine measurements, show that the Sternheimer correction factors used in the rare-earth electronic-atom analysis are unreliable. Systematics of deformation parameters ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2}$ calculated from the present quadrupole moments for odd-$A$ nuclei, and from $B(E2)$ values of Coulomb excitation measurements for even-$A$ nuclei, also indicate that the largest deformation change so far known exists between $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$ and $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$. Except at the onset of nuclear deformation, the deformation parameters of the odd-$A$ nuclei are quite consistent with those of the even-$A$ neighbors.

Precise intrinsic quadrupole and hexadecapole moments of $^{233,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}234,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}235,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}238}\mathrm{U}$ have been determined from muonic $K$, $L$, $M$, and $N$ x rays. For $^{233,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}235}\mathrm{U}$ seven $E2$ matrix elements were independently determined. These $E2$ matrix elements are in good agreement with the adiabatic rotational model; this agreement is further improved if a correction for $\ensuremath{\Delta}K=1$ band mixing is included. The measured hexadecapole moments are in good agreement with shellcorrection calculations and Hartree-Fock calculations.

Data from the first electron-scattering study of an Os-Pt transition region nucleus, 192Os, are analyzed in combination with moonic-atom data by using the model-independent Fourier-Bessel method. The results are discussed in terms of available IBA and BET model calculations. New Hartree-Fock (DME) calculations are presented as an example of the agreement achieved with microscopic-based theories.

Elastic and inelastic electron-scattering cross sections of an Os-Pt transition region nucleus, $^{192}\mathrm{Os}$, have been measured in a momentum transfer range from 0.6 to 2.9 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The data for the ground and the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={2}^{+}, {2}^{+\ensuremath{'}}, {4}^{+}, \mathrm{and} {3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states were analyzed model independently with a Fourier-Bessel parametrization of the ground state and transition charge densities. The normalization of the (e,e\ensuremath{'}) cross sections was obtained from a combined analysis with muonic-atom data for the ground and first ${2}^{+}$ states. The densities and their radial moments are compared with theoretical predictions of the Davydov model and with axially symmetric deformed density-matrix-expansion Hartree-Fock calculations (including the Legendre expansion and the small-amplitude vibration model extensions).

The energies of the muonic $4f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d$ and $3d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$ transitions have been measured in the even-$A$ lead isotopes, with several times the precision of any previous measurement. The isotope shifts and intradoublet energy differences are in excellent agreement with earlier work but the absolute energies generally differ by two or more standard deviations. The new results do not completely resolve the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical binding energies in muonic $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$.

For electron-scattering experiments we have prepared osmium targets of 20 to 40 mg/cm2 sandwiched in graphite by centrifuging and hot-pressing in argon. They are strong and withstand beam-induced temperatures of at least 500°C.

Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{155}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{156}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{157}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{158}\mathrm{Gd}$, and $^{160}\mathrm{Gd}$ were investigated by muonic-atom $K$ and $L$ x-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii ${R}_{k}$ and the isotope shifts $\ensuremath{\Delta}{R}_{k}$ were measured, and values of $〈{r}^{2}〉$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}〈{r}^{2}〉$ were deduced. A pronounced even-odd staggering effect of the nuclear charge radii was observed for the series $^{156\ensuremath{-}158}\mathrm{Gd}$. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states of the even-$A$ Gd nuclei were determined to be ${Q}^{154}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}1.82(4) e$ b, ${Q}^{156}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}1.93(4) e$ b, ${Q}^{158}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}2.01(4) e$ b, and ${Q}^{160}({2}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}2.08(4) e$ b, and the quadrupole moments of the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground states of the odd-$A$ $^{155,157}\mathrm{Gd}$ nuclei were determined to be ${Q}^{155}({\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=1.27(3) e$ b and ${Q}^{157}({\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}})=1.35(3) e$ b. Comparison with a separate measurement of the odd-$A$ ground-state quadrupole moments based on the static hyperfine splitting of the muonic $M$ x rays showed that the model error in the extracted quadrupole moments of these nuclei is less than 2 percent. The quadrupole moments and the $B(E2)$ values obtained in the present experiment for the low-lying Gd states are in satisfactory agreement with the axially symmetric rotational model. However, the $^{154}\mathrm{Gd}$ nucleus exhibits a considerable softness as indicated by the isomer shift of the ${2}^{+}$ excited state and by the experimental value of the ratio $\frac{Q({2}^{+})}{B(E2:{0}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}^{+})}$.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{154\ensuremath{-}158,160}\mathrm{Gd}$; measured muonic x-ray spectra; deduced monopole and quadrupole charge parameters; isotope and isomer shifts.

The ground-state quadrupole moments of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{153}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{155}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{157}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{159}\mathrm{Tb}$, $^{163}\mathrm{Dy}$, $^{167}\mathrm{Er}$, $^{177}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{179}\mathrm{Hf}$, $^{191}\mathrm{Ir}$, and $^{193}\mathrm{Ir}$ were determined with an uncertainty of less than one percent by measuring the quadrupole hyperfine-splitting energies of muonic $M$ x rays. The results are used to determine experimentally Sternheimer shielding factors for the $4f$, $5d$, and $6p$ electronic states of the respective atoms. The deduced shielding factors for the $5d$ electronic states were found to vary considerably among these elements, presumably as a result of configuration mixing.

We explore a method for combined analysis of inelastic electron-scattering data and muonic quadrupole hyperfine-splitting measurements. The method, applied here to 152Sm, provides an accurate normalization for (e, e′) data, a precise value for B(E2; 0+ → 2+), and shows that the interpretation of the monopole (elastic) and quadrupole (inelastic) data from both experiments is consistent at the present level of experimental accuracy.