In order to preserve the health of elderly patients, methodological approach- es to the pharmacoeconomic substantiation of the inclusion of drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia in the list of vital and essential drugs (EDL) were adapted and an appropriate assessment of the drug of cholesterol absorption inhibition was carried out, which showed that from the point of view of the healthcare system, the presence of this drug in the list will have a positive effect: Impact on the budget by increasing the availability of this drug for patients and delaying the prescription of expensive drugs of the PCSK9 inhibitor class. From a clinical point of view, increasing the availability of cholesterol absorption inhibition drugs for patients when it is included in the list of essential drugs will ensure that the correct sequence of the therapeutic line is followed in the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are the most common diseases of the human population. Due to the high virulence of pathogens, in some cases they can acquire the character of an epidemic or pandemic. The diversity of the clinical picture, the com- plexity of predicting outcomes makes the problem of rational choice of a drug for the primary treatment of acute respiratory viral infections a key one and poses a difficult task for the pharmacist - the correct, efficient, safe and effective use of a wide range of drugs available on the domestic pharmaceutical market for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections. During the pharma- cy consultation, the pharmacist has to find out the patient’s complaints, his morbid background, the presence of drug intolerance, as well as a number of other factors, taking into account the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. Medicines for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections are presented in most cases as combination drugs that have several mechanisms of action. The possibility of influencing several manifestations of the disease is provided through the use of Septolete® Total, which has not only a favorable efficacy / safety profile, but also distinct economic advantages over analogues, as well as a potential virucidal effect against the causative agent of a new coronavirus COVID-19 infections.

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results.Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%).Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents.Scope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology.Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results. Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%). Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents. S cope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology. Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

Ever since the first registrations of HIV-infections at the territory of the Russian Federation there was started a great process on arrangement and, subsequently, development of anti-HIV system. It should be noted, that increase of HIV screening and number of patients on antiretroviral treatment are the most important features of the system. Nevertheless, experts note the continuing growth of the size of infected population and, that is more important, the escape of HIV-epidemics from the groups with risk behaviors to the general population, therefore it is necessary to further increase the effectiveness of activities against HIV-spreading. In particular, it is necessary to use more rational (in the context of both the effectiveness, safety and cost) in present settings medical technologies. Pharmacoeconomic analysis is an appropriate instrument for these challenges. However pharmacoeconomic analysis within HIV-infection, like within all other disease areas, has some planning and conducting specialties. We formulated some key aspects of pharmacoeconomic analysis within HIV-infection: need for modelling; use of several criteria (virological, immunological, clinical and epidemiological); consideration of adherence to the therapy; consideration of complications costs; consideration of indirect costs.

The article summarises the results of a 2015 survey of healthcare professionals and pharmacists that was aimed to reveal their educational needs on the subject of interchangeable medicines. It was discovered that the respondents were not sufficiently informed about interchangeability of medicines, because independent exploration of regulatory framework does not help to get to know this topic well enough. The survey helped to identify a group of specialists who needed training in «interchangeability of medicines» more than others.

The article summarises the results of a 2015 survey of healthcare professionals and pharmacists that was aimed to reveal their educational needs on the subject of interchangeable medicines. It was discovered that the respondents were not sufficiently informed about interchangeability of medicines, because independent exploration of regulatory framework does not help to get to know this topic well enough. The survey helped to identify a group of specialists who needed training in «interchangeability of medicines» more than others.

This article provides a comparative pharmacoeconomic evaluation of ambrisentan and bosentan used in the treatment of patients with functional class II or III pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in Russia.The evaluation included methods of cost analysis, cost -minimization analysis, cost-utility analysis and budget impact analysis.The cost analysis revealed that the Volibris (ambrisentan) and Tracleer (bosentan) -associated costs, based on the per-patient per year treatment cost for one patient with PAH regardless of its functional class, were 1 585 649 rubles and 2 488 878 rubles, respectively.The results of cost-minimization analysis, based on the assumption of equal effectiveness of compared drugs, have shown that the per-patient per year treatment costs for Volibris (ambrisentan) allow cost savings of 909 789 rubles as compared to Tracleer (bosentan).The values of a cost-utility analysis for Volibris (ambrisentan) appeared to be lower than those for Tracleer (bosentan).For the former, depending on the functional class of the disease and drug dosage, the values of a cost-utility analysis varied from 2 321 771 rubles to 3 535 685 rubles per QALY, whereas for Tracleer (bosentan) the corresponding values were 4 335 477 rubles and 5 718 143 rubles per QALY in patients with functional class II PAH and functional class III PAH, respectively.The budget impact analysis, based on the estimated number of patients with PAH in RF of 3292 subjects, has shown that the total annual costs for Tracleer (bosentan) would be 8,193 billion rubles versus 5,219 billion rubles had the same patients been treated with Volibris (ambrisentan).Therefore, the possible cost savings with Volibris (ambrisentan) would be 2,973 billion rubles had it been used instead of Tracleer (bosentan), thus indicating that from the pharmacoeconomic perspective treatment with Volibris (ambrisentan) is a dominant choice.

Blockade of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) remains one of the most main strategies in treatment of arterial hypertension (AH), and drugs blocking this system, mainly angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and blockers of receptors to angiotensin II, are the main classes of antihypertensive drugs.The presence of different clinical effectiveness of drugs in these groups, as well as different frequencies of occurrence of undesirable cardiovascular events, side effects and formed the basis of pharmacoeconomic (PE) studies.According to the conducted cost-effectiveness analysis, the treatment regimen using Monopril is characterized by lowest cost and the lowest coefficient of cost-effectiveness ratio in the treatment of patients with AH.The results of the budget impact analysis suggest that therapy with Monopril leads to budget savings.The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated the adequacy of the performed pharmacoeconomic analysis and the stability of the obtained dataduring the change of the cost factors in the range of ± 97% the therapy with the drug Monopril maintained its advantage expressed by the results of the cost-effectiveness analysis.Сost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact analysis were used in this study.The indirect comparison of two antihypertensive drugs was performed: ACEI (fosinopril, ramipril, lisinopril, perindopril) and ARB II (valsartan, losartan, telmisartan, candesartan).Both groups of drugs are not only one of the main classes of antihypertensive drugs, which can be prescribed to all patients with AH, but also have priority indications, such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome etc. Results of costs analysis show that fosinopril treatment scheme is characterized with total costs -22 751 rub., with the lowest cost-effectiveness ratio -285, during the treatment of AH and budget economy from 5 048 rub. to 46 805 rub.per 1 person per year compared with-ramipril, lisinopril, perindopril, valsartan, losartan, telmisartan, candesartan.

For many years antiplatelet therapy is the basis for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Acetylsalicylic acid is the "gold standard" among all antiplatelet drugs.However, ASA administration has an adverse effect in the form of development of NSAID-induced gastropathy To reduce this effect various forms of production of medicines ASA are used.In this study the pharmacoeconomic assessment of drugs Thrombo ASS, Cardiomagnyl and Aspirin Cardio in patients with previous cardiovascular diseases was conducted.According to the results of conducted cost-minimization analysis determined that the treatment scheme with the use of Thrombo ASS is characterized by the lowest cost compared with Cardiomagnyl and Aspirin Cardio.The results of the budget impact analysis suggest that therapy drugs Thrombo ASS leads to budget savings up to 33 million rubles calculated for all patients with cardiovascular diseases in Moscow compared with alternatives.

Ever since the first registrations of HIV-infections at the territory of the Russian Federation there was started a great process on arrangement and, subsequently, development of anti-HIV system. It should be noted, that increase of HIV screening and number of patients on antiretroviral treatment are the most important features of the system. Nevertheless, experts note the continuing growth of the size of infected population and, that is more important, the escape of HIV-epidemics from the groups with risk behaviors to the general population, therefore it is necessary to further increase the effectiveness of activities against HIV-spreading. In particular, it is necessary to use more rational (in the context of both the effectiveness, safety and cost) in present settings medical technologies. Pharmacoeconomic analysis is an appropriate instrument for these challenges. However pharmacoeconomic analysis within HIV-infection, like within all other disease areas, has some planning and conducting specialties. We formulated some key aspects of pharmacoeconomic analysis within HIV-infection: need for modelling; use of several criteria (virological, immunological, clinical and epidemiological); consideration of adherence to the therapy; consideration of complications costs; consideration of indirect costs.

To evaluate the long-term clinical and economic consequences of saxagliptin in comparison with sulphonylurea available in the Russian market. The analysis is based on the Cardiff Long Term Model (Clarke et al. 2004). Three scenarios were developed and tested. Scenario 1 “trial based scenario” (S1) the active treatment is saxagliptin (Onglyza®) added to metformin (MET), which is compared to MET plus sulphonylurea (SU); input data are derived from study D1680C00001 (Goke et al. 2010). Scenario 2 “real world scenario” (S2). Efficacy and safety data taken from study D1680C00001, the cohort was taken from the Russian Federal Diabetes Patient Register, time horizon was set to 40 years, HbA1c threshold of 9.0% was assumed. Scenario 3 “MET monotherapy scenario” (S3). Efficacy and safety data taken from a study of DeFronzo et al. 2009. Patient demographic characteristics were the same as in Scenario 2; time horizon - nine years as in the base case scenario 1. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from the government health care system's perspective. The costs applied were based on prices listed in the essential drug list (MoH 2010) and official standards of treatment developed by expert groups at the Ministry of Health level (Russian Federation). In S1 - MET plus saxagliptin was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of Russian Roubles (RUB) 38,840 per QALY gained, and RUB 7,142,690 per life year gained (LYG) versus SU. In S2 - ICER of RUB 104,153 per QALY gained and RUB 9,884,121 per life year. In S3 - ICER resulted in RUB 20,353,081 per QALY and RUB 29,044,346 per life year gained. In both scenarios (1 and 2), assuming a willingness to pay threshold of RUB 800'000, saxagliptin would be considered cost-effective in the Russian setting.