Obesity is one of the most acute issues of medicine at the present stage due to the steady increase in morbidity, high risk of complications and comorbid conditions that entail significant financial costs. At the same time, many different etiopathogenetic factors are involved in the formation of obesity. The article presents a literature review concerning the main risk factors and etiologic aspects of the development of overweight and obesity in adults and children. The most relevant pathogenetic mechanisms are considered, including imbalance of adipokines (decrease in adiponectin level and increase in leptin content), formation of low activity chronic inflammation as a result of proinflammatory cytokines, changes in the features of neuroimmune-endocrine interactions, the impact of chronic stress on the human body, vitamin D deficiency, disorders of the “gut – brain” axis, quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota. The main therapeutic approaches and surgical methods in the treatment of obesity are presented. The data available in the literature at the present stage on methods of rehabilitation of patients with obesity, as well as persons with excess body weight, indicating the need for a comprehensive approach and combination of lifestyle modification, physiotherapeutic methods, psychological counseling to achieve positive results are summarized.

The relevance of research on a novel coronavirus infection is associated with an increase in the incidence among children since 2021, which may be due to the accumulation of mutations in the virus genome and its evolution towards increased contagiousness, replicative ability, and evasion of immune protection. While there are many studies in adults, data analyzing the clinical course of the disease in pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are limited, particularly regarding adolescents. Objective. To study the clinical and laboratory features of the course of a novel coronavirus infection in hospitalized adolescents in Novosibirsk during the first, second and third waves of the pandemic. Мaterials and methods. A retrospective analysis of case histories of 125 children treated at Novosibirsk Children's Clinical Hospital No 6 with a confirmed diagnosis of coronavirus infection during three pandemic waves was carried out (June–August 2020, October–December 2020, June–August 2021). Based on these time intervals, three groups of adolescents admitted to the hospital during the first, second, and third waves of coronavirus infection were formed. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal scrapings was determined using the PCR-RT method. Biochemical and general clinical studies were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Statistical processing was carried out using the Satistika 7.0 software package (StatSoft, USA). Differences between the groups were assessed using the Z-test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Differences between the compared series were considered statistically significant with a probability level of 95%. Results. It was shown that during three pandemic waves (June 2020 – August 2021), more than half of the hospitalized children were adolescents. At the same time, regardless of the pandemic wave, intoxication, catarrhal and intestinal syndromes predominated in hospitalized adolescents. CNS injury symptoms were significantly less frequent in the first wave, as were skin rashes. Cough in the third wave was observed in 100% of hospitalized adolescents. The average values of the parameters of complete blood count, as well as CRP, D-dimer and ferritin had no statistically significant differences in different pandemic waves, but there was a significant variation in individual values within the groups in each wave. Key words: adolescents, coronavirus infection, COVID-19, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters

The aim of the study was to study the characteristics of the content of certain cytokines in serum as indicators of the immune response in viral infections accompanied by diarrhea syndrome in children. Materials and research methods. A survey was conducted of 92 children aged 3 months to 15 years with acute respiratory viral infections hospitalized in hospital No. 6 in Novosibirsk in the first 2 days from the onset of the disease. Two groups were formed — group 1 — patients with diarrheal syndrome and signs of respiratory system damage. Group 2 — children with isolated lesions of the respiratory tract. In all children, the genetic material of viruses was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the nose and throat washes. Also, in all children, the determination of serum levels of IL-8, IL-17, IFN-ã by ELISA was performed. Results and discussion. When studying the levels of cytokines (IFN-ã, IL-8, IL-17) in patients with signs of gastrointestinal tract lesions in comparison with isolated respiratory manifestations, no statistically significant differences were found. However, when analyzing the levels of the studied parameters in patients with diarrheal syndrome in different age groups, significant differences in the levels of IFN-ã and IL-8 were revealed.

The article presents current data on the features of the nutritional status of children with chronic nutritional disorders such as hypotrophy, paratrophy, etc. The authors describe the principles and timing of the complementary foods, as well as the advantages of a certain complementary feeding, depending on the type of nutritional disorder. Often, pediatricians pay close attention to the organization of nutrition of children in the first 12 months of life, as a more vulnerable period, while the age period of 12–36 months is also characterized by a significant growth rate and high demands in a number of micronutrients. The article provides recommendations on the nutritional prevention of alimentary-dependent conditions, as well as for a child with a “problematic” appetite (poor eater). It provides the approaches to the treatment of chronic nutritional disorders in children through the correction of eating behavior and diet therapy, including motivational training with the involvement of parents and family members.

A total of 150 Novosibirsk adolescents aged 15 to 17 years of both sexes (75 boys and 75 girls) were examined. The aim of the study was to identify the likely predictors of chronic somatic pathology in 15-17-year-old adolescents according to the data of a comprehensive survey involving the evaluation of physical, mental, and reproductive health. The use of a mathematical modeling method could provide logistic classification models to assess the risk of chrome somatic diseases in adolescents in relation to gender. Psychological factors are of precedence in the development of chronic somatic diseases in adolescents, which is important to be taken into account in the teaching, clinic;) I examination, and rehabilitation of children of this age.

We present results of an analysis of chronic diseases of the central nervous system in children and adolescents in the region of Mirnyj in Yakutia. The pathology of the nervous system of the underlying disease was 34.8%. A high percentage of CNS pathology in children from an early age indicates that it is a consequence of undergoing intrauterine hypoxia on the background of the pathological course of pregnancy.

Objective: to examine the autonomic nervous system in 15–17‑year-old adolescents.Subjects and methods: 2015 adolescents (1080 boys and 935 girls) aged 15–17 years were examined. The tables developed by A. M. Wayne, cardiointervalography, wedge orthostatic test, and heart rhythm variability were used to evaluate the autonomic nervous system. Results. The study showed that the adolescents of both sexes (82% of boys and 84.8% of girls) showed an imbalanced autonomic nervous system as sympathicotonia, vagotony, and vegetative vascular dystonia of mixed-type.Conclusion. The adolescents belong to a group at risk for psychosomatic diseases in the future and therefore require a special followup and prevention activities.

Objective: to reveal the specific features of somatic, reproductive, and mental health in adolescent girls with elevated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate levels. One hundred and fifty-nine adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years from Novosibirsk were examined. A set of studies encompassed clinical examination and examinations by a pediatrician and a gynecologist, abdominal and small pelvic ultrasounds, evaluation of the autonomic nervous system, determination of hormonal profiles, and psychological questionnaire survey. Every two girls had elevated DHEA sulfate levels. The girls with hyperandrogenism had most commonly somatic diseases, as well as psychological features, which require early diagnosis and differential clinical observation to reduce the risk of further reproductive dysfunction.

To carry out a comparative study of the effect of increased training load on the psychological and mental health of adolescents were examined in 1159 children (mean age – 15,7 ± 0,5 years) Novosibirsk. Students of educational institutions with increased mental stress are relatively prosperous group compared with adolescents from educational institutions with the usual mental stress, they learn better, more adapted, they have fewer psychological abnormalities (aggression, fighting, lying, truancy school, stealing, problems peers). Moreover, they have much less risk of being involved in the use of psychoactive substances. Overall, the results of complex health assessment will help to identify priority areas for planning and carrying out work on the conservation and health of adolescents.

The cytokines’ levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activity, levels of lactoferrin, of the circulating immune complexes and the level of antibodies to antigens of the native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are investigated. The purpose of investigation was to study the pathogenic features of clinical course of chronic lambliasis invasia at teenagers. The statistically significant hypercitokinemia owing to the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with the highest concentration of IL-1β, IL-4, the high level of lactoferrin-protein of acute phase, the occurrence of markers of cellular damage, the high level of immune complexes and the stimulation of humoral link of immune system, the high level of antibodies to the antigen of native DNA, are registered. The obtained data may be used as additional diagnostic criteria of lambliasis invasia at teenagers.

An inspection, examination and treatment of 2273 children of both sexes aged from 1 month to 17 years of Mirny in Yakutia region. Have been diagnosed the high level of pathology of the urinary system in children and adolescents. Found that children with congenital anomalies and malformations of the urinary system are at risk for the development of chronic pyelonephritis in the future, and so require special medical check-up and preventive measures.

Inspection and survey of 400 children and adolescents of both sexes from 1 to 18 years with secondary chronic pyelonephritis were carried out. The expediency of complex examination and follow up observation of children and adolescents with connective tissue dysplasia is shown. The features of the course of chronic pyelonephritis with congenital anomalies of urinary tract in children and adolescents in the connective tissue dysplasia are presented.