In this study, we investigated the behaviour of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) toward three commercially available protein hydrolysates made from shrimp (Pandalus borealis), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and capelin (Mallotus villosus), and used blank (seawater) as control. The shrimp and blue mussel attractants were based on industrial waste products, whereas the capelin attractant was produced from industrial quality of capelin. The attraction behaviour study took place during two experimental periods in a 6-m diameter, 28-m3 volume circular tank set up for behavioural studies: Experiment 1 during April 2013, and Experiment 2 during May 2013. In Experiment 1, there were highly significant differences in frequencies of inspections between attractants and controls for shrimps and blue mussel attractants, whereas the inspection of capelin attractants did not occur more frequently than the control. The comparison between the different attractants in experiment 2 enabled a ranking between them, which showed significant higher frequency of interaction with shrimp hydrolysate. The capelin produced lowest frequency of interactions, similar to the first trial, but there were no significant difference between blue mussels and capelin. Results from this study show that hydrolysate from shrimps and blue mussel have the potential to replace natural bait for cod.

The ACE inhibitory activity of a desalted protein hydrolysate from Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) was studied. Measurements by two independent methods both revealed higher in vitro ACE inhibitory activity, IC50=0.075 and 0.035mg/ml, respectively, than earlier reported in comparable hydrolysates. Two novel ACE inhibitory tri-peptides, Phe-Thr-Tyr (IC50=275 and 59μM) and Phe-Ser-Tyr (IC50=7.7 and 2.2μM), were detected in the hydrolysate. An introductory feeding trial with spontaneously hypertensive rats indicated positive in vivo results when the rats were given 60mg hydrolysate/kg body weight per day. Although further in vivo studies are necessary to verify the antihypertensive potential, the very high in vitro ACE inhibitory activity reveals that the shrimp protein hydrolysate is a promising candidate for nutraceutical application.

Regular seafood consumption is associated with beneficial health effects. This book reviews the research on seafood and health, the use and quality aspects of marine lipids and seafood proteins as ingredients in functional foods and consumer acceptance of (marine) functional food. The first chapter covers novel merging areas where seafood may prevent disease and improve health such as in cognitive development, mental health, cancer, allergy and oxidative stress are highlighted. Cases where nutrients in seafood may have health protective effects such as in proteins, peptides, amino acids, selenium, chitosan, glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are also discussed. The next chapters cover quality aspects of marine lipids and seafood proteins as ingredients in functional foods. Lipids and proteins must have and retain a high quality so that the sensory and functional properties and the shelf life of the final product are acceptable.The methods used for processing marine lipids and proteins, are discussed as well as the different factors that can affect their quality in functional foods. The book then concentrates on factors related to consumers' attitudes, knowledge and awareness of functional foods. There are variations in types of carrier products and of demographic and cross-cultural factors in acceptance of functional foods. Finally, the book discusses challenges for small and medium enterprises to commercialise healthy nutrition. Variations in characteristics, capabilities, challenges and opportunities in the marketplace are presented using a Nordic study as reference.

A high quality chitosan for application in cosmetics can be produced from the processing waste of Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). A major fraction of the shrimp waste is protein tissues, which are normally wasted during conventional chitosan preparation. The present work shows that the shrimp waste proteins can be hydrolysed by a commercially available protease (Alcalase) and recovered as a protein hydrolysate with a high content of essential amino acids, before the scales are processed to chitosan. The Alcalase treatment had no adverse effect on either yield or quality of the chitosan. By this new method the total recovery of Kjeldahl nitrogen was 68.5% as compared with only 12.8% by the conventional method. In addition, a concentrate of astaxanthin was recovered in the sediment after centrifugation of the crude protein hydrolysate. This concentrate may be a valuable supplement in the feed to salmonid fishes.

Conference Abstract| February 01 1999 Immunostimulatory peptides from fish waste hydrolysates L. Gilmartin; L. Gilmartin 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. Roper; J. Roper 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar R. Ravallec; R. Ravallec 2Station Biologie Marine, Concarneau, France Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar A. Gildberg; A. Gildberg 3Norwegian Institute of Fisheries Research, Tromso, Norway Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar E. Stenberg; E. Stenberg 3Norwegian Institute of Fisheries Research, Tromso, Norway Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. E. Harris; J. E. Harris 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar L. Jervis L. Jervis 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1999) 27 (1): A53. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst027a053b Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation L. Gilmartin, J. Roper, R. Ravallec, A. Gildberg, E. Stenberg, J. E. Harris, L. Jervis; Immunostimulatory peptides from fish waste hydrolysates. Biochem Soc Trans 1 February 1999; 27 (1): A53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst027a053b Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: Immunostimulation, peptides, fish This content is only available as a PDF. © 1999 Biochemical Society1999 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

: The search for new molecules in fish protein hydrolysates is of great interest in animal feeding as it is in aquaculture, fertilizer, cosmetic, and pharmacologic domains. Different sources of hydrolysates such as shrimp waste (Pandalus borealis), cod (Gadus morhua) head, and head and viscera of sardine (Sardina pilchardus), obtained after hydrolysis or autolysis, were tested on fibroblast cell cultures and by gastrin radioimmunoassay. The level of hydrolysis seems to play an important role in the presence of biological peptides. Elution profile on a gel filtration Sephadex G-50 column was used to estimate the degree of hydrolysis of the fractions studied. Growth-factor-like activities were found in less-hydrolyzed fractions. Conversely, the most-hydrolyzed fractions showed gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity.

Chitosans and chitooligosaccharides stimulated Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney leukocytes in vitro to produce elevated levels of superoxide anion. Both soluble and insoluble chitooligosaccharides were stimulatory 2 and 7 days after addition. Protein-chitooligosaccharide conjugates were also stimulatory in vitro both at 2 and 7 days after addition. Deacetylation seemed to be of little importance for the stimulatory capacity. High concentrations of the 80% deacetylated chitosan/chitooligosaccharides were toxic to the leukocytes as judged by reduced reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and morphology.

Medium size (3000 d > Mw > 500 d) peptides from a hydrolysate of emptied stomachs from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fractionated on an S-Sepharose cation exchange chromatography column. Four distinctly separated acid peptide fractions were used in in vitro stimulatory experiments with head kidney leucocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). All four acid peptide fractions promoted strongly elevated oxidative burst reactions in the leucocytes after 2 and 7 days of incubation at concentrations from 1 to 25 μg/ml. The stimulation was equally good, and in most cases better than the stimulation achieved with similar concentrations of lipopolysaccharides from the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Visual inspection and pictures of peptide stimulated cells showed strongly enhanced vacuolisation and formation of long stretched out pseudopodes after 7 days of incubation. Acid peptide fractions from fish protein hydrolysate may be useful as adjuvants in fish vaccine and as an immune stimulant in fish feed.

This study shows the stimulatory capacity of a cod muscle protein hydrolysate on Atlantic salmon head kidney leucocytes bothin vivoandin vitro. Increased respiratory burst activities were demonstrated in leucocytes after stimulation with a peptide fraction in the molecular weight range 500–3000Da. The respiratory burst activity was quantified using reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as a measure of superoxide anion production following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as the trigger.In vitrodose-response studies demonstrated an increased stimulation with increasing concentrations of the peptide fraction (30–1000μg ml−1). Intraperitoneal injection of the peptide fraction in Atlantic salmon (100mg kg−1) resulted in enhanced levels of superoxide anion production in head kidney leucocytes 2 and 4 days post-injection when assayed immediately after isolation. Culturing the cells for 18 or 41h abolished the stimulatory capacity of the peptides. Also, increased levels of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase were measured in the isolated head kidney leucocytes after intraperitoneal injection. Microscopic examination of tissue slices two days after i.p. administration revealed accumulation of FITC-labelled muscle hydrolysate (500–3000Da) mainly in macrophages and endothelial cells of the kidney.