Thirty years after Bruntland there is still no consensus on how sustainability should be defined. This is due to the multiplicity of value laden meanings, tradeoffs between goals, the political aspects of goal prioritization and the variance over time and place in perceptions of challenges. In the recent two decades, a double negative approach has gradually been accepted. That is, rather than defining what sustainability is, the emphasis has shifted to definitions of what is unsustainable, thereby identifying safe and just spaces, which can be viewed as sustainable states. In this paper, we review the evolution of the double negative approach, arguing that it can be generalized. We show this approach is scalable and adaptable, as it allows for the introduction of additional dimensions as a function of scale, sector and setting. To operationalize this approach we propose a method to identify red lines that serve as benchmarks for safe and just spaces.

Research has shown a negative correlation between the spatial scale of physical planning and the scope of public participation in the planning process. The higher the spatial scale, the smaller the scope of participation. People are more interested, effective, and therefore involved, in their immediate surrounding than in wider related areas. However, long-term national strategic planning which involves many uncertainties requires a wide and representative public involvement. It requires an open and transparent decision-making process, with information open and accessible to all, a fair and equal possibility of taking part in the process and the accountability of the authorities. But, how can ongoing public participation and involvement be implemented for planning on a large, national scale? The traditional methods, based on town-meetings and surveys fall short for a variety of representativeness, efficiency and effectiveness reasons. In the project described herein we propose and implement a novel, Big Data–based approach. We measure and collect online, unobtrusive measures of public preferences, proclivities and predilections. The data we put together are the digital traces left "on the sands of time" so to speak by search behavior and overt expressions of the entire population. We claim that, in contrast to previous strategies of gauging public sentiment, the online world affords access to more reliable and valid information. Individuals reveal their preferences in their online behavior. Our big data are signals collected through "Cyber-Archeology" of the artifacts and footsteps recorded as behavior on the largest search sites, and expressions in online fora and social networks. We practice this approach in the case of the Israel 100 strategic plan by implementing a two-step process. The first step is the described big data mining of digital traces in order to find the main planning issues that interest and occupy the public. The second step calls for public deliberation around these and other planning issues. In this paper, we only report on the first of these two steps: An affordable, workable and valid opportunity to make use of Big Data for later proactive, pro-social purposes of involving the public in debating and molding its own future. Following a description of the essence, the structure and the methodology of the Israel 100 strategic plan, the use of 'crowd wisdom' in large scale planning will be presented. As public participation in nation-wide planning is a challenge, its importance to both general planning and the specific Israel 100 plan will then be discussed. Finally, both the concept and the empirical results of mining digital traces will be presented. The mining is based on three sources: the public expressions in the social networks and the media, searches in Google and searches in Wikipedia from December 2016 to December 2018. Spatially we relate to all the territory under the 'Israeli law of planning and construction'. The results provide a proof of the methodological concept and research approach.

The assessment of land use plan implementation is a contentious issue. The debate centers on whether the crucial evaluation element is conformance of development to plan directives or alternatively, plan performance, i.e. the degree to which the plan is actually used. An analytic framework combining both conformance and performance in the evaluation of (regional) land use plans is applied to the case of the Central District Plan in Israel. Qualitative and quantitative simulation methods are exploited. Qualitative analysis reveals that both performance and conformance are greater than indicated by non-contextualized, numeric evaluations. Additionally, high conformance does not necessarily imply good plan performance. Quantitative simulation suggests that plan performance with respect to land values and densities is initially pronounced as expectations for development are subdued but subsequently tends to wane merging with the counterfactual trend. Findings imply that plan assessment needs to consider the transaction costs of land use re-designation and actors’ perceptions of the probability that plan amendments will be approved. These perceptions differ across actors as a function of the political influence that they wield.

Erectile dysfunction is a major complication affecting the quality of life of patients and partners after radical prostatectomy. Evolving evidence suggests that early penile rehabilitation may provide better erectile function after surgery. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are routinely considered a first-line treatment option in most algorithms for penile rehabilitation owing to their efficacy, ease of use, wide availability and minimal morbidity. Tadalafil is a long-acting, potent PDE-5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction, with demonstrated effect in animal studies at preserving penile smooth muscle content and prevention of fibrosis of cavernosal tissue. This article evaluates the existing literature on tadalafil and critically analyzes its impact on erectile function following radical prostatectomy.

This paper develops the notion, and demonstrates the use, of ‘demographic sustainability’ in updating the national policy for rural development in northern Israel. The current national master plan defines a maximum growth size allowed for each settlement in both the urban and the rural sectors. The growth size policy is solely based on geo-political considerations. Although, aggregatively, the northern rural periphery still has a large population absorption capacity, the overall policy does not fit to the local potential and the individual needs and wills of many settlements. The wide literature on rural development points out that the heterogeneous character of the rural areas dictates a differential and flexible policy allowing its implementation according to the individual various physical, demographic, institutional, cultural, and geo-political conditions. Israel's northern rural periphery is not excluded in that regard and therefore, its settling authorities were looking to update the rural development policy. A GIS-based spatial search and mapping procedure was developed to identify and map the settlements in rank order of intervening needs in population policy. The procedure is focusing around three pivots: accelerators, limitations, and opportunities. Accelerators are the main reason for policy update and include the individual levels of demographic sustainability and relative free absorption capacity of each settlement. Demographic sustainability is defined by the type and the size of the local ‘dependency ratio’ in order to ensure a multi-age structure and generational continuity of rural settlements in the national periphery. Limitations include environmental sensitivity to development and large absorption capacities. Opportunities include small absorption capacities and favorite conditions for settlement clustering. A three-stage sieving procedure, according to the three pivots, enabled to produce a final map showing, in a descending-order, the need for policy intervention of each settlement. Practically, the map exhibits the role of demographic sustainability in directing the development policy in a, most frequently, losing-population rural region.

The present paper examines whether the potential advantages of the expanding practice of web-based public participation only complement the benefits of the traditional techniques, or whether they are empowering enough to replace them. The question is examined in a real-world case of neighborhood revitalization, in which both techniques were practiced simultaneously. Comparisons are made at four major planning junctions, in order to study the contributions of each technique to the qualities of involvement, trust, and empowerment. The results show that web-based participants not only differ from the participation of traditional practices, but they also differ from each other on the basis of their type of web participation. The results indicate that web-based participation is an effective complementary means of public participation, but it cannot replace the traditional unmediated techniques.

Despite the considerable work done on travel behaviour in general and on driving behaviour in particular, it is argued that most of the behavioural models still lack a cognitive explanatory mechanism of the individual's choice process. The paper presents a survey of recent important research in this area from European and North American perspectives in order to identify issues that should be studied more closely as a base for a new research agenda. It was found that since the human cognitive mechanism of travel decision-making is universal, idiosyncratic situations, cultural and societal norms can affect the individual's perception of constraints that will consequently affect the whole decision-making process. An extension of the Decision Field Theory is proposed as a framework for a new research agenda, which will include the effects of travel situations (e.g. timing, dynamics and type) as well as of cultural habits and societal norms. This theory is aimed at understanding the motivational and cognitive mechanisms that guide a deliberation process involved in making travel decisions under uncertainty.

Abstract Planning in Israel was often affected, in the recent years, by the public reactions. Traditionally Public Participation (PP) is very limited and can lead to conflicts between different interest groups. The main goal of this research is to examine the quantitative contribution and the added value of using PPGIS on the Web as compared ,to the use of traditional methods (meetings) in PP process. The PPGIS on the WEB system enable the public to participate actively in the process of planning a master plan for the "Shapira Neighborhood" in Tel-Aviv, Israel. The PPGIS on the WEB system is composed from a Regular HTML website and GIS website using ArcIMS server. The site enables the public to participate in the process, everywhere and anytime. It enables viewing extensive amount ofGIS-based data from surveys, and statistical analysis on the internet. In addition, the public is able to response and comment to the planning team. This study is still in processing and the system supervise on the PP continuous. IMPORTANCE Inthe recent years, planning in Israel was often affected by the public reactions. However

Traffic congestion is still one of the major problems of urban transportation. It is the aggregate outcome of individual, subjective, decisions in a changing traffic environment.The individual’s decision making is affected, among other factors, by experience and direct information from the surrounding environment, or indirectly from the media. The subjective map created from this information provides the cognitive environment within which the driver makes decisions. This study examines the spatio-temporal changes in the subjective map of reported congestion as formed by radio broadcasts in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. It aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal stability of the emerged congestion patterns as a basis for subjective decision making, and to explain its variability as a necessary base for any effort to relieve congestion. Results show that non-recurrent heavy congestion is likely to be unstable. The spatio-temporal fluctuations of congestion were found to associate with traffic volumes caused mainly by weekly-based commuters which include university students, soldiers, and government employees. Reported information was found suitable for longitudinal research, the only kind which enables a broad understanding of the spatio-temporal pattern and dynamics of traffic congestion.

Planning in Israel was often affected, in the recent years, by the public reactions. Traditionally Public Participation (PP) is very limited and can lead to conflicts between different interest groups. The main goal of this research is to examine the quantitative contribution and the added value of using PPGIS on the Web as compared to the use of traditional methods (meetings) in PP process. The PPGIS on the WEB system enable the public to participate actively in the process of planning a master plan for the Shapira Neighborhood in Tel-Aviv, Israel. The PPGIS on the WEB system is composed from a Regular HTML website and GIS website using ArcIMS server. The site enables the public to participate in the process, everywhere and anytime. It enables viewing extensive amount of GIS-based data from surveys, and statistical analysis on the internet. In addition, the public is able to response and comment to the planning team. This study is still in processing and the system supervise on the PP continuous. IMPORTANCE

This paper presents a micro simulation model for studying the effect of information on commuters' behavior during morning peak congestion, and its impact is examined here in relation to network performance. The model is fed by survey data of perceived behavior in two cities in two different countries: Israel and Sweden. The model considers parameters such as: home-to-work trips, constraints with respect to the arrival time at the destination, exposure to various levels of information, flexibility of the mode of transportation, pre-trip information and en-route information.

Travel Behaviour is a challenging and original volume, adding to the growing literature focusing on understanding transportation systems. The book capitalises on actual scientific and applied developments in Europe, the importance of EC policies and the resultant trend in studying differences between North American and European research.