Seizures are the most common pediatric neurologic disorder. This article describes the guidelines of the French Pediatric Neurology Society, highlighting the importance of a thorough history and examination. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events should be excluded. The role of biological and neuroradiological investigations is discussed. An electroencephalographic recording and advice from a pediatric neurologist are suggested.

This paper summarizes the recommendations of the Groupe de Neurophysiologie Clinique de l'Enfant : -The technical conditions which should be fulfilled to get high-quality recordings are summarized in Appendix 1; -To get optimal information, EEG analysis should be precise, rigorous and standardised: -An interpretation protocol is joined in Appendix 2; -A synopsis of EEG development in prematures is provided in Appendix 3; -Tracing report must contain exact description of the recording for a precise and very useful application in patient care: Appendix 4; -An overview of EEG indications in very premature newborns is presented in Appendix 5.

The oil saturation inside the steam chamber during steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has an important impact on economics and conservation. However, the SAGD residual oil saturation is difficult to determine and model because it involves long-term thermal effects and three-phase flow. SAGD has been widely studied and piloted, but improved understanding of longterm drainage effects represents a fundamental issue that requires improved understanding.In the first part of the paper, we represent a sensitivity test done on the shapes and the endpoints of the two-phase relative permeability curves. We find that the water relative permeability and oil relative permeability in the gas-oil system are the main factors that determine the magnitude and shape of the oil saturation curve as a function of time.Secondly, we demonstrate how to adjust the k(rog) relative permeability curve to match a theoretically determined residual oil saturation, which is supported by laboratory data. We propose that, during SAGD, the flow of oil can be split into two regimes. In the first regime, close to the edge of the steam chamber, oil drains quickly in a short period of time. In the second regime, oil drains slowly within the steam chamber for a longer period of time, as it is produced by "film drainage." To capture these flow regimes, the oil relative permeability curve in the gas-oil system, k(rog), is split into two. At higher liquid saturations, the first flow regime is represented and, at lower liquid saturations, the second regime is modelled.Thirdly, the k(rog) curve was adjusted so that the decrease in oil saturation with respect to time closely matched the theoretical curve while maintaining oil production rates expected for SAGD. Using this new curve at different pressures, we show that the residual oil saturation increases at lower SAGD operating pressures.

Le clofibrate (CFB) est un puissant agent pharmacologique accélérant l'élimination de la bilirubine. Son efficacité dans les hyperbilirubinémies néonatales a été objectivée au cours d'essais cliniques controlés mais son métabolisme, à cet âge, restait inconnu.Population et méthodes. — La pharmacocinétique a étéétudiée chez deux groupes (G1 et G2) de huit nouveau-nés à terme présentant un ictère. Le CFB a été administré par voie orale à raison d'une dose unique de 100 (G1) ou de 50 (G2) mg/kg, respectivement, dans un essai ouvert, comparatif et non randomisé. Cinq prélèvements de sang total ont été pratiqués aux temps 0, 2, 6, 26 et 50 beures après l'administration. Les concentrations sériques de CFB et d'acide clofibrique (ACF) ont été déterminées par CLHP. L'analyse cinétique a été menée au moyen d'une méthode non compartimentale.Résultats. — Aucun effet secondaire imputable au CFB n'a été observé. La formation d'ACF est lente et prolongée et les concentrations restent élevées à la 50r heure. On retrouve du CFB non hydrolysé chez trois enfants du G1. À partir de Cmax, la décroissance des concentrations est lente et chez plusieurs nouveau-nés, une demi-vie (t12m) d'élimination n'est pas calculable. Lorsque t12m est accessible, elle est souvent supérieure à 100 heures (vs 13,4 à 19 heures chez l'adulte). Cet allongement est attribuable à un effondrement de la clairance de l'ACF, ce qui suggère un défaut de conjugaison hépatique. En revanche, les MRTo → 50 (h) sont très proches pour les deux groupes, ie 26,2 ± 2,0 vs 25,5 ± 1,3, ce qui traduit un comportement cinétique global voisin aux deux posologies examinées.Conclusion. — Le ralentissement du métabolisme du CFB chez le nouveau-né procéderait, en amont, d'un défaut d'hydrolyse du CFB (aux posologies élevées) et surtout, en aval, d'un défaut de conjugaison hépatique pour l'ACF. Ces arguments plaident en faveur d'une posologie unitairt de l'ordre de 50 mg/kg chez le nouveau-néà terme.Background. — Clofibrate (CFB) has been proposed to increase elimination of bilirubin in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Nevertheless, its disposition, so this age, remains unknown. The aim of this work was to characterize pharmacokinetics of an oil formulation of CFB in neonates at term with jaundice.Patients and methods. — Two groups (G1 and G2) of eight neonates, presenting with jaundice, entered an open, non randomized and comparative study. Five blood samples were collected over 50 hours following a single oral administration of 100 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg CFB, respectively, in G1 and G2. Serum concentrations of both CFB and clofibric acid (CFA) were measured by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic analysis was made by a non-compartmental method. Data were to those obtained in adults receiving 2 g dose of CFB.Results. — Tolerance to the treatment was excellent. Pharmacokinetic profiles were similar in both groups of infants. There was a slow and prolonged formation of CFA whose serum concentrations remained high 50 hours after drug administration. Non-hydrolyzed CFB was found in the blood of three neonates. Elimination of CFA was prolonged corresponding to a terminal half-life (t12m) often above 100 hours and sometimes incalculable. MRTo → 50 (h) was similar in both groups (ie 26.2 ± 2.0 vs 25.5 ± 1.3, respectively). The decrease of t12m was related to the decrease of the clearance of CFA.Conclusions. — The decrease in CFB's metabolism in newborns is probably the result of at least two concurrent phenomenons: partial hydrolysis of CFA, especially at high doses, and decrease in the hepatic capacity to conjugate the active metabolite. A single oral administration of 50 mg/kg CFB seems to be a suitable schedule.