Pesticides are the major source of concern as water pollutants. Chlorpyrifos (CPY) (O,O-diethyl-O-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate; CAS No. 2921-88-2). CPY is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. The aim of current study was to determine the effects of CPY on the second instar larvae of Culex mosquito as a bio-indicator of water pollution. Levels of CPY in stream water was evaluated. Toxicity of CPY was estimated on mosquito. Along with the evaluation of effects of water polluted with CPY on mosquito to predict the water pollution levels. Results showed that LC95 of CPY was 6331.30 mg/kg after 24hr and increased to 230506.4 ppm after 48hr of exposure. It was noted that the activity of CPY is concentration and time dependent. The 0.09 ppm concentration of CPY (the amount that was found in the stream water) had no effect on the second instar Culex larvae similar to the control (tap water). There is no effect after 72,96h of exposure of the population to the detected insecticide. It could be concluded that mosquito is not a bioindicator of CPY pollution at the detected level in stream water.

Organic control gives a more secure choice to diminish the number of inhabitants in rural nuisance. Zanzalacht or tetra-nortriterpenoid is one of bio-pesticides containing concoction substances that have a bolstering hindrance property against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Extraction methods of Zanzalacht; Extraction of dynamic standards has been done in Soxhlet contraption utilizing methanol as a dissolvable for 20 hours. Methanolic concentrates of leaves of chinaberry with the concentrations 0.7%, 1.0%, 1.3% were prepared. Metabolite from plants plays key protective role against the insect. The consideration currently is coordinated to the need of ecological safe bio-pesticides. Plants derived chemicals act as naturally safe option of chemical pesticides. Biological pesticides based on plant extracts specific to a target pest offer an ecologically effective solution to pest problems. They pose less risk to the environment and to human health. It was noticed that the methanolic chinaberry extract affected the normal development of the larvae of S. littoralis. The abnormalities obtained were classified into three main groups; namely the larval abnormalities, the pupal abnormalities and the abnormal moths.

Background: Diverse types of agricultural, domestic, industrial, and municipal pollutants are discarded in agricultural water streams. These contaminants affect water quality extensively, therefore, current study aimed to scrutinize types of water pollutants in El-Mahmoudia water canal during winter, spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Materials and Methods: Organic pollutants and pesticide residues were analyzed using the gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Heavy metals were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Also, the physicochemical parameters of water samples were examined. Results: Results showed that residues of DDD, DDE, and dieldrin insecticides were detected in all seasons, while chlorpyrifos-methyl residues were detected during the summer and autumn seasons only. Moreover, non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of phthalates, amino and fatty acids, and plant secondary metabolites residues. In addition, significant deterioration of the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal contents were reported compared to the safety guidelines of the Egyptian Irrigation Ministry, WHO, and FAO organizations. Conclusion: Current results found that agricultural and domestic pollutants were dominant in the water canal, which urge the need for more water treatment facilities to be established.