Abstract Objectives The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different preparation designs on the mean colour change (ΔE*), marginal adaptation, fracture resistance, and fracture types of maxillary and mandibular premolar endocrowns (ECs). Methodology A total of 40 extracted maxillary and mandibular premolars were treated endodontically, and each type was subdivided according to the remaining axial height (remaining walls on all surfaces; 2–4 mm) and 2 mm inside the pulp chamber. Specimens were immersed in coffee for 14 days, ΔE* was determined, marginal adaptation was observed, fracture forces test was conducted, and the samples were examined visually at 10× magnification to evaluate failure type and identify fracture origin. The data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, and significance between and within groups was evaluated through ANOVA. The p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The ΔE* values of the maxillary premolar with 2 mm axial height were the highest (6.8 ± 0.89 units), whereas the lowest value was observed in the mandibular premolar with 4 mm axial height (2.9 ± 0.53 units). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in teeth and design were observed. The marginal adaptation of the mandibular premolar with 4 mm axial height was the highest (30.20 ± 1.53 μm), whereas the lowest marginal adaptation was observed in the maxillary premolar with 2 mm axial height (14.38 ± 0.99 μm), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The maximum fracture force was observed in maxillary premolars with 2 mm axial height (2248.15 ± 134.74 N), and no statistically significant difference (p = 0.07) was observed between maxillary and mandibular premolars at 4 mm axial height. Conclusion The recorded ΔE * values of the ECs were within clinically acceptable values or slightly higher, and the marginal adaption values were within acceptable and recommended clinical values in µm. EC preparation with 2 mm axial height in both arches recorded the highest fracture forces. Type III (split fracture) failure was recorded as the highest in the maxillary and mandibular premolar ECs with different axial wall heights.

Complex microbial communities have been reported to be involved in endodontic infections. The microorganisms invade the dental pulp leading to pulpitis and initiating pulp inflammation. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a dominant bacterium implicated in both primary and secondary endodontic infections. Drugs targeting the molecular machinery of F. nucleatum will minimize pulp infection. LpxA and LpxD are early acyltransferases involved in the formation of lipid A, a major component of bacterial membranes. The identification of leads which exhibit preference towards successive enzymes in a single pathway can also prevent the development of bacterial resistance. A stringent screening strategy utilizing physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters along with a virtual screening approach identified two compounds, Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin, with good binding affinity towards the early acyltransferases LpxA and LpxD. Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin, members of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic class, exhibit wide-ranging activity against diverse bacterial strains. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in the context of endodontic treatment requires further investigation. This study explored the potential of Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin to manage endodontic infections via computational analysis. Moreover, the compounds identified herein serve as a foundation for devising novel combinatorial libraries with enhanced efficacy for endodontic therapeutic strategies.

Cherubism is a rare hereditary benign fibro-osseous disorder characterised by bilateral swelling of the mandible and/or maxilla with varying severity of involvement. It occurs because of dominant mutations in SH3BP2 gene on the chromosome 4p16.3. On radiography cherubic lesions appear as multilocular cystic radiolucencies in the jaw bones giving a soap bubble appearance. These lesions usually heal by themselves by the time the patient attains puberty. Treatment is necessary only in aggressive cases where there is severe facial deformity or vital functions are hampered. Surgical corrections are preferred when the lesion is in its dormant phase. The aim of the present case report is to illustrate a case of cherubism in a 9-year-old Saudi boy which is a very rare occurrence as only 1 case of cherubism has been reported so far in the Saudi Arabian population. KEYWORDS Cherubism; Genetic mutation; Multilocular cystic lesions; Self-regressive lesion; Calcitonin therapy.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) has challenged healthiness careers and techniques and has induced several rates of reaction and forms of reaction worldwide. The responsibility of dental specialists in inhibiting the transmission of COVID-19 is seriously significant. Dental professionals suffered a proper duty to decrease routine care for fear of increasing COVID-19 among their patients and elsewhere but were understandably concerned about the economic concerns. This paper explores comments raised by orthodontists worldwide about offering safe orthodontic service during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as orthodontic treatment procedures increase the possibility of transmission. As proximity between the orthodontist, dental assistant, and patient is required for treatment, it jeopardizes the health of all the parties involved. In this paper, we will highlight five issues: general principles, communication, dental clinic admission, infection control measures, and applied orthodontic treatment emergency. Upon reviewing these issues, we will then attempt to formulate appropriate orthodontic treatment guidelines applicable in this specific era.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the meaning, possibility and limits of comparison in the philosophy of education. In order to achieve this purpose, the concept analysis method has been used. Accordingly, first comparativephilosophy, then education, and, finally, philosophy of comparative education have become conceptualized. The study results show that comparative philosophy in terms of nature can be viewed as a method, view or both. Education naturally is also a double valuedaction. The philosophy of comparative education, as a combination of the two former terms, is a new field that recognizes each of the two fields of comparative philosophy and education with their own particular features and is based on the basic assumption that if two educational systems are compared (from a philosophical point of view), these features should be fully and precisely addressed in the comparison. In the comparison of West's educational philosophy with that of East, there are three options: in the first and second options, one of the two West or East education philosophies is negative and bad, and the other is seen as positive and good. In none of these two systems, comparison is possible. Therefore, there is a third option in which the West or East education philosophies both have positive and negative aspects, and none of them are absolutely good or bad. The claim of the present study is that the option is acceptable, and comparison in educational philosophies is meaningful and possible only within this limits.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Saudi Arabia is an increasing public health problem.The diverse presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis make the diagnosis of CL is a challenge.Our aim was to reinforce the importance of considering lip leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of any lip lesions especially in endemic regions for leishmaniasis.This study was carried out in Khamis Mushyte General Hospital, KSA during the period of January 2014 to April 2015.History taking, examination of the lesions, and laboratory investigation were done.The diagnosis is confirmed by the demonstration of amastigotes in a Giemsa-stained smear.When the parasite cannot be detected on smear, histopathologic examination was done looking for granulomas +/-amastigotes.Out of 107 patients attended dermatology OPD with CL, 11 (10.28%) had of lip lesion, 9 of them were slit smear positive and 2 of them were slit smear negative and diagnosed by histopathologic examination.Median age of patients with lip lesions was 32 years with male to female ratio 7:4.Six cases with lower lip lesions and 5 affecting the upper lip.We concluded that lip Cutaneous leishmaniasis should always considering in differential diagnosis of any lip lesions especially in endemic region; to make the diagnosis early and initiate effective treatment to avoid secondary bacterial infection and development of disfiguring lesions.