This study addresses the environmental problems stemming from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from public transportation in the cities of Chill & aacute;n and Chill & aacute;n Viejo. Specifically, it analyzes emissions from fossil-fuel-powered buses, which contribute to climate change and negatively affect people's quality of life. Given this situation, the need to reduce these emissions and move towards more sustainable mobility systems is recognized. The main objective of this research is to estimate the CO2-equivalent reduction that could be achieved by replacing fossil-fuel-powered public transportation with electric vehicles in the aforementioned cities. To this end, the ISO 14064 methodology is used, subject to specific scope and limitations. This study reviews key aspects, including current environmental legislation, Chile's international commitments regarding climate change, and the state of emissions in the transportation sector, to illustrate the current state of electromobility in Chile. Finally, the impact of the transition to electromobility in public passenger transport by bus is quantified, resulting in a reduction of 9429 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions, equivalent to 63.4% compared to the 2023 bus fleet, considering the average emission factor of the national electricity system for 2023. The proposal consists of implementing a 100% electric bus public transport system, highlighting its advantages in reducing emissions, improving energy efficiency, improving air quality, and reducing noise pollution. However, this requires a significant financial investment of approximately USD 57 million, excluding public charging stations for electric buses. Furthermore, public policies offering means of accelerating the transition of public transport in Chile are analyzed.

The intensive use of fossil fuels and human activity have caused climate change, increasing global temperatures [...]

This work presents a multi-objective finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy for a two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS), composed of a DC-DC boost converter, a three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter, and an LCL filter. The proposal addresses the challenges of neutral-point stability and dynamic performance under rapid irradiance variations. The multi-objective cost function integrates the regulation of grid current ( i_g ), inverter current ( i_i ), filter capacitor voltage ( v_c ), and neutral-point balance. In addition, a selection of 19 non-redundant switching vectors is incorporated, improving neutral-point balancing and reducing computational cost. The scheme is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink considering an irradiance profile with steps at 1000, 700, and 450 W/m2, an integration step of T_p = 10^-6 s, and the ode1 (Euler) method. The performance is evaluated using standard metrics such as settling time, root mean square error (RMSE), and total harmonic distortion (THD). The results show stabilization times below 50 ms, reactive power ( Q_g ) close to zero, minimal ripple in the DC-link voltage ( v_dc ), and THD between 2.39 P_g ) in photovoltaic multilevel inverters, validating its effectiveness under irradiance transients.

This paper presents an initial estimate of the energy demand and charging power requirements for the initial replacement of internal combustion public transport buses by battery electric buses in Chill & aacute;n and Chill & aacute;n Viejo, & Ntilde;uble Region, Chile. The analysis is based on an operational baseline derived from route lengths, service frequencies, departures, and fleet data, combined with official energy and transport demand projections. A case study is conducted for the introduction of 10 battery electric buses on Line 13 of public transport, comparing 100% overnight depot charging and 80% overnight charging complemented by opportunity charging. Results show that the initial 10-bus deployment would require an installed depot charging power between 300 and 450 kW, depending on the charging strategy, with an annual delivered energy of 1149.75 MWh. Long-term scaling scenarios suggest that bus-dedicated charging infrastructure could require between 4.52 MW and 22.35 MW by 2050. Although the numerical results are specific to the case study, the main contribution of this study lies in an operationally grounded planning framework that links the sizing of pilot routes with long-term charging demand scenarios and charging infrastructure projections, providing a transferable basis for preliminary electric bus planning in other mid-size or emerging regions facing similar infrastructure constraints.

This work focuses on developing a multi-level proposal for a three-phase multi-source inverter, accompanied by the design of a specific modulation technique for this new topology. The traditional multi-source inverter can generate output voltages of different levels, but these levels cannot be generated in the same signal period. This proposal considers the development of a threephase multi-source multilevel inverter, in which its three-phase extension still requires isolated DC sources. From this, a modulation technique is designed to minimize the output voltage's THD by obtaining the DC voltage ratios and firing angles. The results demonstrate that the modulation technique intended for the multi-level multi-source inverter is functional. The inverter output voltage is stepped in 7 levels, resulting in a THD of approximately 10.50% for a modulation index $m=1.0$.

Voltage-controlled DC-DC boost converters are used in the electric transport applications for integration of lowvoltage energy sources. Such applications require compact and reliable power converter designs coupled with high-quality steadystate and dynamic control performance. This paper proposes the use of a three-leg interleaved DC-DC boost converter and develops an advanced control scheme based on model linearisation, state feedback and extended observer. To support its design and implementation, the paper provides closed-form solutions for the discrete-time models and for all coefficients and gains used by the control. The proposed control is then tested by simulation in Matlab/Simulink and shows superior dynamic performance compared to PI control. Experimental validation in underway.

Smart meters play an important role in energy management systems as they provide essential parameters for real-time monitoring, protection, and control that enable informed decisions for the end-users and the utility grid. However, available systems are high-cost solutions with different hardware and software, which provide limited measuring parameters with certain accuracy. This work aims to develop and implement an innovative smart electricity meter (SEM) system that surpasses conventional designs by incorporating advanced features like noninvasive sensors, manual signal calibration, and flexible communication modes. The developed SEM supports real-time data transmission via IoT and provides superior accuracy in measuring harmonics and frequency, addressing key challenges in energy monitoring. This work contributes to real-time energy monitoring and energy management systems in residential and industrial applications.

Energy storage systems and devices are essential for the stable and secure operation of electrical grids with a high penetration of renewable energies. A broad system perspective may be necessary for adequately integrating DC storage systems, particularly when associated with grid-forming inverters. This paper introduces a comprehensive model for a bidirectional Buck-Boost DC-DC converter of type D1, characterized by continuous input current, designed to integrate sensitive DC sources subject to pulsating currents with grid-forming inverters. The focus is on a non-linear control strategy utilizing input-output feedback linearization to enhance the system's dynamic response to sudden power shifts and direction changes. This approach ensures a wide operating range, especially when the converter transitions between power supply modes and absorbs power from the AC grid to the connected DC-side energy storage system.

This paper presents an enhanced Field-Oriented Control (FOC) scheme for Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives, where conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are replaced with Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) to improve overall performance. The proposed approach is validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) experiments on the OPAL-RT OP5600 platform under variable speed commands and load disturbances. Results show that the FLC significantly improves dynamic performance, achieving a faster torque settling time, lower torque ripple, and reduced overshoot during transients. In steady-state operation, the current THD reduced from 11% to 10% and the current ripple values are similar for both control techniques. These findings confirm that integrating fuzzy logic into the FOC framework offers robust dynamic advantages while maintaining similar steady-state quality, making it a promising solution for high-performance BLDC motor applications in electric vehicles and industrial automation.

This article presents a detailed comparison between two-level Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and three-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) topologies in a two-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS), composed of solar panels, a boost converter, a VSI or NPC inverter, and an LCL filter. Key performance metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE), total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time, system efficiency, and power factor (PF) are evaluated under variable irradiance conditions. A synchronous $d q 0$ reference frame control strategy is implemented to ensure high-quality power injection. The inverter models are designed, simulated, and validated in MATLAB/Simulink. Unlike prior studies limited to static conditions, this work introduces a dynamic benchmark involving rapid irradiance transitions. Simulation results show that the VSI topology achieves faster transient response and slightly improved PF tracking, while the NPC achieves lower THD, enhanced voltage stability, and reduced RMSE. These findings support topology selection based on whether fast adaptation or power quality is prioritized in GCPVS design.

This paper presents a Sequential Model-Based Predictive Control (SMBPC) for a three-level Active Neutral-Point Clamped (ANPC) Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) to mitigate harmonics, reactive power, and neutral current in four-wire systems. The control uses a synchronous reference frame (SRF) to generate compensation references. A key contribution is a two-stage sequential optimization that eliminates the need for weighting factors by hierarchically prioritizing current tracking and DC-link voltage balancing. Simulation results validate the strategy, demonstrating excellent dynamic response, robust voltage regulation, and significant power quality improvement, achieving unity power factor and a source current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) well below standard limits.

The use of renewable energy sources (RESs) together with energy storage systems (ESSs) allows for smoothing power variations, thus improving power backup capabilities and power quality in the electric power grid. These applications require power converters to transfer energy between the renewable generator or energy storage and the power grid. In any case, the control algorithm of the power converter requires the synchronization method to provide a correct estimation of the instantaneous voltage of the power grid. This work provides engineers and researchers with an accessible platform at a low cost (less than USD 100) and a methodology for the experimental validation of digital synchronization algorithms as a step before their implementation in grid-connected equipment. The methodology evaluates the performance of the digital algorithms when there are variations in amplitude, frequency, phase, and harmonic content in the emulated three-phase power grid, as well as the execution times (tex), while a digital platform emulates the electrical signals and generates reference signals for the evaluation. To illustrate this proposal, two synchronization algorithms—SRF-PLL and DSOGI-PLL with a low-pass filter—are implemented in a digital controller and tested. The evaluation tool confirms the algorithms’ performance and shows that the execution time of DSOGI-PLL is 91% longer than that of SRF-PLL, which is well known in the literature.

Onboard DC micro grids in electric transport is a demanding application that requires high quality steady-state and transient performance of the power converters and their control. To address this, a three-phase interleaved DC-DC converter together with an advanced observer-based control scheme are used in this paper. To enable implementation of this control, a practical discrete-time model of the converter is proposed that reduces a fourth order system to a second order, without a significant loss of accuracy. The proposed model provides closedform solutions for all associated coefficients and gains. Based on this model, observer-based state feedback control is tested in this paper by simulation and shows superior performance to PI control. Experimental validation in underway.

Matrix Converter (MC) is a compact and power efficient alternative to the traditional two-step AC/DC/AC conversion. MC typically provides closed-loop control of the output current and unity power factor at the input side. When supplied from a distorted voltage source, it is desirable that MC does not transfer harmonics to the load and does not contribute to the harmonic distortion at the input. However, it has been found that the MC harmonic mitigation and power factor correction are contradictory objectives. This paper presents a detailed study of the dependence of the MC harmonic performance on the input power factor. It optimises the power factor with the view of harmonic minimisation. Simulation results presented in this paper demonstrate the effect of the proposed optimisation. Experimental validation is underway.

Grid-forming power inverters have become essential components in prospective electrical systems. Their increasing importance arises from the growing recognition that these devices can significantly enhance the integration of renewable energies into power grids. Simultaneously, they ensure the preservation of the grid's inertia and strength. In contrast to conventional grid-following inverters, grid-forming inverters exhibit characteristics reminiscent of synchronous generators. They can operate as voltage sources, contributing various ancillary services, especially when energy storage systems are integrated on the converters' direct current side. Regarding topology, the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is frequently the preferred choice for implementing grid-forming inverters. However, the Current Source Inverter (CSI) topology emerges as a notably underexplored alternative for these applications. The CSI can operate as a voltage source and employ drop control similar to the VSI topology, with the added benefit of not requiring limitations or protection for the inverter's output current, as the CSI topology manages this. A central concern is the CSI's power handling capability and operational region. This document comprehensively explores the advantages, challenges, and potential of current source converters working as grid-forming inverters. While not addressing VSIs in this paper, the analysis could extend to them, thus offering a comprehensive guide. This study examines the potential of current source converters as grid-forming inverters, explicitly focusing on their operating region. This research enhances our understanding of their role in advancing grid-connected systems and facilitating renewable energy integration.

This work addresses the problem of semiconductor losses in three-phase VSI using Finite Control Set - Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC). Modifications to the FCS-MPC are proposed to reduce the switching frequency and improve efficiency, and these are tested through simulations. Issues such as switching frequency variability and harmonic distortion are addressed. The proposed solutions, such as delay compensation and cost function optimization, demonstrate notable reductions in the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and the average switching frequency, managing to find a switching reduction of up to 45% in the latter. The research also includes a detailed comparison between SiC-Mosfet and Si-IGBT, highlighting the advantages of the former in efficiency and static and dynamic properties. Despite certain limitations in the SiC-Mosfet, the results show its superiority in high-frequency and high-temperature applications, obtained through a simulation and comparison that considers different aspects, from the switching frequency to the useful life and the packaging.

The use of advanced modulation and control schemes for power converters, such as a Feedback Quantizer and Predictive Control, is widely studied in the literature. This work focuses on improving the closed-loop modulation scheme called Feedback Quantizer, which is applied to a three-phase voltage source inverter. This scheme has the natural behavior of mitigating harmonics at low frequencies, which are detrimental to electrical equipment such as transformers. This modulation scheme also provides good tracking for the voltage reference at the fundamental frequency. On the other hand, the disadvantage of this scheme is that it has a variable switching frequency, creating a harmonic spectrum in frequency dispersion, and it also needs a small sampling time to obtain good results. The proposed scheme to improve the modulation scheme is based on a Discrete Space Vector with virtual vectors to obtain a better approximation of the optimal vectors for use in the algorithm. The proposal improves the conventional scheme at a high sampling time (200 μs), obtaining a THD less than 2% in the load current, decreases the noise created by the conventional scheme, and provides a fixed switching frequency. Experimental tests demonstrate the correct operation of the proposed scheme.

The advancement of power electronics field today has allowed us to generate new technologies in various areas such as renewable energies, energy storage systems with batteries, electric chargers, electric vehicle traction systems, and more. New technologies are increasingly demanding in terms of accuracy of system variables; for this, advanced control methods are applied, and this requires a model that correctly represents the operation of the system. The models of power converters are not trivial; therefore, this paper proposes to model a ThreeLevel Flying Capacitor Buck DC-DC Converter using the bond graph technique, which is a multiphysics modeling tool based on the electrical domain that will facilitate the comprehensive modeling of the system. In addition, the obtained model from the bond graph approach can be directly linked with a Port Hamiltonian System, to obtain a physical representation of the system and based on the conservation of energy. Moreover, results are presented with a proposed non-linear closed-loop control model decoupling the voltage and current dynamics of the multilevel converter. The obtained dynamic results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed modeling methodology.