Metallic deterioration remains a formidable challenge in numerous industrial sectors, necessitating the continuous, intense search for effective, sustainable and non-toxic chemical inhibitors. Pyrimidines and pyridazines belong to a class of heterocycles that have garnered significant attention as potential corrosion inhibitors due to their versatile chemical configuration and promising protection performances. Notably, the nitrogen atoms in the six-membered heterocyclic ring of pyrimidine (C4H4N2), pyridazine (C4H4N2), and their derivatives are well known for their capacity to form coordination bonds with metal surfaces. Pyrimidine, pyridazine, and their derivatives form corrosion-inhibitive hydrophobic layers through their adsorption on the metal surfaces. The widespread conjugation of π-electrons enhances the durability and efficacy of the hydrophobic film. They demonstrate excellent inhibition efficiencies ranging from 70 to 100 % at low concentrations (<1 mM) for different metal/electrolyte systems. This review provides an overview of the properties and application of these heterocyclic compounds in chelation and coordination. Furthermore, their potential applications as aqueous phase inhibitors for different metal/electrolyte systems were comprehensively covered. Using experimental and computational tools, emphasis was placed on the coordination chemistry of pyrimidine and pyridazine, and its adsorption behaviour against metallic degradation in diverse corrosive environments was highlighted. Finally, patent literature on the effectiveness of pyrimidine and pyridazine and future perspectives were presented.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have attracted the interest of the research community in recent years. ML has found applications in various areas, especially where relevant data that could be used for algorithm training and retraining are available. In this review article, ML has been discussed in relation to its applications in corrosion science, especially corrosion monitoring and control. ML tools and techniques, ML structure and modeling methods, and ML applications in corrosion monitoring were thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, detailed applications of ML in corrosion inhibitor design/modeling coupled with associated limitations and future perspectives were reported.

Corrosion is a significant threat that devalues the environment and compromises the lifespan of metallic assets, infrastructures, and industrial installations. Consequently, using chemical inhibitors, particularly coordination compounds as a means of mitigating corrosion holds the potential to extend the lifespan of infrastructures and result in substantial cost savings in terms of equipment, materials and structures. This aspect of studies remains a vital area of research. Coordination compounds used as inhibitors of corrosion and described in this review article include compounds with a metal atom bonded to a carbon atom (organometallic), and molecules having metal-N, metal-S, metal-O and metal-P bonds, respectively. Experimental analyses and theoretical assessments of coordination compounds as corrosion control agents have been reviewed in this article. Established and current approaches in corrosion inhibition using coordination compounds have also been discussed. Data reviewed and presented in this article show that the corrosion inhibition efficacies and adsorption of coordination compounds depend on the ligands and metal centres, the methods used for corrosion studies, the corrodents, metal substrates and other experimental conditions. Additionally, notable knowledge gaps are identified, and future research perspectives are highlighted.

Chalcones, alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones, being the by-products of the condensation reactions between acetophenones and aromatic aldehydes widely found their applications in biological and pharmacological fields. Simplicity in structures and the least toxicity make the chalcones to be explored for other diverse applications, and one such prevailing these days is their exploitation as corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors, the chemical compounds in corrosive environments reduce the rate of electrochemical degradation of metals and alloys. This review article is a comprehensive overview of diverse coordination modes opted by chalcones in the presence of different metals, highlighting the role of various functional groups in governing coordination behavior. The impacts of these coordination complexes over corrosion-inhibiting properties have been discussed, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying their anti-corrosive properties. Furthermore, the recent advancements in various synthesis modes emphasizing their potential for corrosion inhibition have been reviewed. The structure-activity relationships have been discussed to gain insights into the key fundamentals influencing the effectiveness of chalcones and their derivatives in corrosion safeguarding. Conclusively, the review presents the current state of knowledge regarding the coordination chemistry of chalcones and their anti-corrosive applications. The insights provided here aim to guide future research efforts in designing novel chalcone-based corrosion moieties with enhanced effectiveness and environmental sustainability.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have received the greatest research attention in the past 10 years because of their unique and multifunctional properties. NMs were employed for both commercial and residential uses. TiO2 was employed in the field of catalysts, Ag was utilized in the field of sensors, and Al2O3 was utilized in the field of antibacterial applications. Nanocomposites (NCs) were a new branch of NMs and they were used in the medicine, chemical industry, automobile and other main industries. The production, functionalization, properties and uses of polymer nanocomposites were discussed and reviewed in this chapter.

The motivation behind recreating this chapter is to give a summary of the bibliographical insights expected to make the segment. In the first part, we examine the adsorption of ionic liquids (ILs) as efficient, effective and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for various alloys and metals surface in different corrosive media environments and the restraint and coordination chemistry of ionic liquids. The anticorrosive activity of different ILs has been examined with electrochemical techniques followed by weight-loss measurement. The impact of the ILs composition (polar and nonpolar substituents in anions & cations, and alkyl tail length), temperature, concentration, and nature of the medium, which influence the metal corrosion protection, was discussed. In the second part, we examine the interfacial structure and adsorption mechanism of different ILs on the Au (111) surface investigated via quantum chemical calculations.

Organic coatings are interesting to study as one of the affordable and highly effective anti-corrosion coating techniques. Organic coating associated with nanocomposite fillers in the form of Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) of different shapes, sizes, types, and sources that are used to enhance the coating performance. CNC's linear structure, composed of beta-(1, 4)-D-glucose polymeric chain, contributes to the growth of microfibrils in crystalline cellulose. CNC's high thermal stability and mechanical strength provide an exceptional cross-linked network in polymer matrices as a coating. Organic coating techniques have been shown to improve corrosion resistance and other coating properties through various mechanisms. This article explores inorganic and organic-based polymer nanocomposite coatings as a solution to protect metal substrates from corrosion protection. The review also outlines how bio-based materials, as nano-fillers in various polymers, with various advantages. Combining with other nanomaterials in the polymer and functional group modifications capable of enhancing hydrophobic properties and outstanding bonding ability with the polymer matrix are expected to yield promising performance as barrier coatings against corrosive species. This study concludes that bio-based nanomaterials with intrinsic properties such as low density, high aspect ratio, outstanding mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability are important reasons for these materials to be used for anti-rust nanocomposite applications and have great potential to be developed as nanofillers in nanocomposite polymer matrices in high-performance metal coatings and various applications in the future.

Nowadays, advanced fiber materials of natural fiber products are interestingly investigated due to their abundance and versatility. Advanced natural fiber materials and polymer matrices have many unique properties that make them easy substitutes for synthetic fibers. To use fiber effectively, it is crucial to comprehend the fiber’s characteristics. Natural fibers are easily obtainable from several plant species, including fruits, roots, leaves, bark/skin, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to introduce some preparation and joining methods and attempt to cover various physical tests to help know the different mechanical and thermal characteristics of the fibers and analyses, and to try to discuss the numerous studies, such as FT-IR, RDX, SEM, and TGA methods, done by recent academic and industrial researchers, doctors, and clinicians to help understand the properties of natural fibers.

Hybrid materials of inorganic compounds with organic ligands are mostly used in the medical, chemical, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industries. These organometallic compounds are frequently used in the synthesis of fine chemicals and catalyzed reactions. In this chapter, two types of synthesis methods for organometallic are described. The first method is the electrochemical method, and the second method is nucleosides.

Nanomaterials (NMs) are becoming more and more important in technological applications thanks to their adjustable and multifunctional features. This chapter summarizes the general types of NMs and discusses the synthesis methods. It describes the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) and highlights the methods used to characterize them. NMs have a variety of applications and have entered our daily lives as a result of their special characteristics.

Carbon-containing substances have long been employed as sources of energy, and carbon is crucial to contemporary industry. Consequently, understanding carbon allotropes are essential for creating novel materials. Due to their distinctive characteristics, which make them ideal for a wide range of prospective uses, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been the subject of scientific study for more than fifteen years. The fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology continue to advance their research in order to create CNTs with adequate characteristics for applications in the future. Recently, a new type of nanocarbon material known as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has attracted a lot of attention, particularly in solar cells, bioimaging, electrocatalysis, nanomedicine, and chemical sensors, as well as light-emitting diode (LED). The preparatory processes for CNTs and CQDs are the main topic of this chapter. The appropriate examples were used to discuss the complementary arc discharge, laser ablation, acid oxidation, and further carbon allotropes manufacturing processes. This chapter has also covered the benefits and downsides of each technique. New carbon allotropes might be created using the information in this chapter.

Carbon dots (CDs) are new composites in nanomaterials. CDs are new types of carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, graphite, and many other carbon nanotubes. Scientists have recently created new CDs and are exploring their applications, including energy technology, optics, and biomedicine. This chapter describes the different types and characteristics of CDs, including specificity, scalability, and biocompatibility.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are mostly used as a protective coating. They have high-energy utilisation, chemical stability, and unique thermal conductivity. These materials are fundamental agents in the coating process. Subsequently, CNTs have been improved by utilising the CNT interface, which has been extended. CNT action significantly affected coating obstruction. CNTs can be promoted to prevent polymer covering corrosion because of their electrical protection. To improve the contact structure and distribution of CNTs, it is necessary to use CNTs in the polymer matrix. This chapter gives a concise report of recent progress in using CNTs in anticorrosive coatings. The anticorrosion characteristics of CNTs in anticorrosive coatings are reviewed and discussed.

Hydantoin is a five-membered non-aromatic heterocycle, oxidized derivative of imidazolidine with five potential derivatizable sites, together with two hydrogen bond donors and acceptors existing mostly as a colourless solid. Synthesis of metal complexes that incorporates hydantoin ligand is regarded as a significant research area, given the vast applicability of hydantoin derivatives as compounds of biological interest with wide range of phar-macological activities, and corrosion inhibitory properties. Over the years, extensive literature reviews on syn-thesis of derivatives of hydantoins, biological properties and medicinal chemistry of hydantoins, and usage of multifunctional hydantoins in optoelectronics has been reported. This review deals strictly on the coordination abilities of hydantoin derivatives as ligands in organometallic chemistry, as well as report on the few applications of hydantoin derivatives as inhibitors of metal corrosion in diverse corrosion environments. It has been estab-lished, mainly by spectroscopic techniques, density functional theory analyses and few X-ray crystallography studies, that functionalized, deprotonated and reduced forms of hydantoins acts as mono-, bidentate and tri-dentate chelate ligands in metal complexes. Few corrosion inhibition capabilities of derivatives of hydantoins reported in scientific publications is also reviewed. Important research data gaps are noted, and future per-spectives underlined.

Cyclotriphosphazenes, a variety of inorganic rings together with a curing ingredient, 4,4′-methylene dianiline (MDA), are mainly used to enhance the thermal conductivity and mechanical characteristics of epoxy resin (DGEBA). Three DGEBA@MDA, HGCP@MDA, and thermosets were produced, and their curing behaviors were investigated. Using a molecular dynamics (MD) approach, the impact of cyclotriphosphazene on the characteristics of DGEBA composites is thoroughly explored in this paper. Results indicated that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of DGEBA containing HGCP had slightly decreased compared to DGEBA. With the addition of HGCP to DGEBA, epoxy resin (DGEBA@HGCP@MDA) has a high thermal conductivity of 0.215284 W/m·K, with an increase of 116.04% more than pure DGEBA (0.185524 W/m·K). Moreover, the DGEBA@HGCP@MDA composite has high mechanical strength with a specific Young’s modulus of 5.4902 GPa. In order to forecast and analyze certain performances directly associated with the microstructure characteristics of the various cross-linked resin systems and their composite materials, an MD simulation approach will be quite valuable.

The utilization of organic compounds has been established to be perhaps the best, most proficient, and most powerful method for controlling corrosion. Organic compounds extend into benefits by complexing at the metal-environment interface applying their electron-dense centers, which are known as binding centers. Though, because they have small molecular size, they do not have satisfactory corrosion protection. Accordingly, there is an exceptional requirement for major atomic changes. Toward this path, unique accentuation is put on the utilization of epoxy resins (ERs)-based synthetic monomers as inhibitors for corrosion. The nature of the structure that includes polar functional groups makes the monomers adsorb strongly on the metal surface and give remarkable metal protection. This review report gives a concise outline of the most recent improvements in the utilization of ERs as corrosion inhibitors. This report gives a short outline of the consumption and general utilization of various sorts of ERs and corrosion inhibition processes.

We live in a metal-based society where the use of metallic materials at all levels is common. These metallic materials (alloys and metals) are subject to an unavoidable but controllable phenomenon referred to as corrosion. When these materials corrode, they lose their physical and chemical properties, which poses great concern to individuals, industries, and the government of the nations of the world. Corrosion has a great effect on human life and the economy, just as much as natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis. Understanding the corrosion phenomena is an important step in proffering plausible solutions by experts in the field of corrosion science and engineering. Corrosion occurs as uniform (general) or nonuniform corrosion. In uniform corrosion, the entire bare surface of the metal deteriorates while in nonuniform corrosion, uneven deterioration of the metallic surface takes place. Corrosion is generally known to be an electrochemical process involving anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction in the presence of an electrolyte. Industrial metals behave differently in various electrolytic media. Over the years, several corrosion protection methods have been proposed to check the rate of metallic corrosion. Electrochemical techniques such as linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization have been widely employed to monitor the rate of corrosion in the laboratory and industry. This chapter explores the basis of corrosion studies, various forms of corrosion, the chemistry behind electrochemical corrosion of common industrial metals, kinetics and thermodynamics, methods of corrosion protection, and monitoring techniques.