Studying cell differentiation and transformation allows a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the initiation and the evolution of cancer. The role of proteins which participate in these processes is dependent on their location within the cell. Determining the subcellular localization of proteins or the changes in localization is, therefore, paramount in elucidating their role. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we characterized the protein expression and subcellular localization of nearly 5000 proteins from seven different colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines, as well as normal colon fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. This cellular characterization allowed the identification of colon cancer-associated proteins with differential expression patterns as well as deregulated protein networks and pathways. Indeed, our results demonstrate differential expression of proteins involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and transcription in colon cancer cells compared to normal colon-derived cells. Pathway analyses identified different cellular functions, including endocytosis and eIF2 signaling, whose deregulation correlates with mutations found in the different CRC phenotypes. Our results provide an unbiased, quantitative and high-throughput approach to measure changes in protein expression and subcellular protein locations in different CRC cell lines.

Formation of primed single‐stranded DNA at stalled replication forks triggers activation of the replication checkpoint signalling cascade resulting in the ATR‐mediated phosphorylation of the Chk1 protein kinase, thus preventing genomic instability. By using siRNA‐mediated depletion in human cells and immunodepletion and reconstitution experiments in Xenopus egg extracts, we report that the Y‐family translesion (TLS) DNA polymerase kappa (Pol κ) contributes to the replication checkpoint response and is required for recovery after replication stress. We found that Pol κ is implicated in the synthesis of short DNA intermediates at stalled forks, facilitating the recruitment of the 9‐1‐1 checkpoint clamp. Furthermore, we show that Pol κ interacts with the Rad9 subunit of the 9‐1‐1 complex. Finally, we show that this novel checkpoint function of Pol κ is required for the maintenance of genomic stability and cell proliferation in unstressed human cells. A vertebrate translesion synthesis DNA polymerase broadly contributes to checkpoint‐activating primer synthesis at stalled replication forks, a role previously ascribed only to replicative polymerases.