This study provides a content analysis of more than a decade (2002–2012) of academic scholarship about trans people and issues. A total of 960 trans-focused publications were coded; there was a close balance of nonempirical (54%) and empirical (46%) publications. The analyses revealed that the literature on trans people and issues is growing, although many publications include trans people and issues nominally without substantive attention. The analyses also pointed to underutilized research designs and methodologies, the need for more clear assessment and more consistent reporting of demographic characteristics, and topics that warrant further attention. Specifically, literature on trans people and issues continues to be needed on the topics of focus thus far, such as psychological and identity-related distress. Scholarship is also needed to address important topics that have been understudied, including self-harm and suicide, positive functioning and mental health promoting factors, developmental issues across the life span, school and workplace experiences, and the training and competencies of health care providers to ensure affirmative and effective services for trans people.

Many studies of anti-trans prejudice have measured such attitudes using the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS; Hill & Willoughby, 2005). The GTS is unique in assessing negative attitudes and propensity for violence toward trans people. The present research addressed previously observed limitations in the psychometric properties of data produced by the GTS, including inconsistencies in factor structure and subscale scoring across studies. Results across the present 2 studies (Ns = 314 and 250) yielded 2 refined versions of the GTS: the 22-item GTS-Revised (GTS-R) and a more abbreviated 13-item GTS-R-Short Form (GTS-R-SF), each of which produced stable 2-factor structures corresponding with the intended negative attitudes and propensity for violence dimensions of the GTS. The 2 versions differ in that the GTS-R-SF Genderism/Transphobia subscale focuses on more severe expressions of prejudicial attitudes, whereas the longer GTS-R Genderism/Transphobia subscale assesses subtle expressions of prejudice as well. The Gender-Bashing subscale is identical across the 2 versions. Thus, researchers and practitioners may choose the GTS-R or GTS-R-SF depending on the breadth of prejudicial attitudes they wish to assess. Reliability estimates for GTS-R and GTS-R-SF scale and subscale item responses were acceptable and stable across the 2 studies, and validity evidence was garnered in Study 2. These findings can inform use of the GTS-R and GTS-R-SF in research and practice settings, where psychometric precision and efficiency are both critical.

Data from clinical and nonclinical samples (Ns = 2,096, 618) were used to evaluate and replicate the measurement structure of the Outcome Questionnaire–45.2. Different measurement models and invariance tests were evaluated and the best psychometric support was found for a shortened measure of two factors: overall maladjustment and substance use.

Maximization is a decision-making approach with the goal of obtaining the best available choice in a given situation. Although there are different ways to measure maximization, limitations in the measurement of maximization still exist. In the present studies, conceptual and statistical criteria guided an approach to refining the original Maximization Scale (Schwartz et al., 2002). In Study 1, a three-factor, 10-item Refined Maximization Scale (MS-R) emerged. Because prior research revealed gender differences in maximization, measurement invariance testing was conducted to ensure gender-equivalent functioning of the MS-R items. Study 2 replicated measurement invariance findings and examined associations between maximization and relevant outcomes. The "Regret" factor was positively associated with depression, and the "Want the Best" factor was positively associated with Happiness and Life Satisfaction. "Decisional Difficulty" was not associated with any constructs. Implications of these findings for basic and applied personality research are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This research project was a secondary analysis from a longitudinal study conducted in Chicago neighborhoods. Participants were 1104 adolescents (M age = 13.53, SD = 1.54) and their primary caretakers. The current study looked at Wave 1 and Wave 2 (1994-1997 & 1997-1999) data. Primary caretakers completed the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Impulsivity Temperament Survey (EASI) to assess adolescents' activity level, sociability, inhibitory control, decision time, and persistence (Buss & Plomin, 1984). Adolescents completed the Youth Self Report (YSR) with the internalizing and externalizing broad band scales assessed (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001). Controlling for gender, age, seven environmental risk variables and Wave 1 behavior problems, the current study found activity level and sociability to protect against the development of internalizing and inhibitory control protect against the development of externalizing behavior problems three years later. These findings have important implications as to which traits should be nurtured in at-risk adolescents for better developmental outcomes.