Noble liquid radiation detectors have long been afflicted by spurious electron emission from their cathodic electrodes. This phenomenon must be understood and mitigated in the next generation of liquid xenon (LXe) experiments searching for WIMP dark matter or neutrinoless double beta decay, and in the large liquid argon (LAr) detectors for the long-baseline neutrino programmes. We present a systematic study of this spurious emission involving a series of slow voltage-ramping tests on fine metal wires immersed in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with single electron sensitivity. Emission currents as low as 10-18 A can thus be detected by electron counting, a vast improvement over previous dedicated measurements. Emission episodes were recorded at surface fields as low as similar to 10 kV/cm in some wires and observed to have complex emission patterns, with average rates of 10-200 counts per second (c/s) and outbreaks as high as 106 c/s. A fainter, less variable type of emission was also present in all untreated samples. There is evidence of a partial conditioning effect, with subsequent tests yielding on average fewer emitters occurring at different fields for the same wire. We find no evidence for an intrinsic threshold particular to the metal-LXe interface which might have limited previous experiments up to fields of at least 160 kV/cm. The general phenomenology is not consistent with enhanced field emission from microscopic filaments, but it appears instead to be related to the quality of the wire surface in terms of corrosion and the nature of its oxide layer. This study concludes that some surface treatments, in particular nitric acid cleaning applied to stainless steel wires, can bring about at least order-of-magnitude improvements in overall electron emission rates, and this should help the next generation of detectors achieve the required electrostatic performance. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Einleitung: Akute Exazerbationen bei COPD werden hauptsächlich durch respiratorische Viren oder Bakterien wie nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) und Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) verursacht. Um die Effekte von Koinfektionen darzustellen, untersuchten wir die Interaktion von viralen/atypischen Pathogenen und NTHi in respiratorischen Epithelzellen und humanem Lungengewebe. Dabei nutzten wir Stimulationen mit dem TLR3-Agonisten Poly(I:C) als Modell für eine virale Infektion und Stimulationen mit Cpn oder dem spezifischen TLR2-Agonisten Pam3Cys als Modell für eine TLR2-vermittelte Inflammationsreaktion.