This chapter discusses a harm concept that enables a more comprehensive assessment of the consequences of cyber crime. Even though harm resulting from cyber crime is not fundamentally different from harm that is caused by other forms of crime or crime in general, the reach, scope, and volume of crime facilitated by information and communications technology have transformed risks posed to individuals, organizations, and nations, and challenge conventional approaches of crime detection and prevention. Assessments of the impact of cyber crime have been focusing on estimating the cost in monetary value. However, most significant harm might not be experienced as a loss of money, but as a disruption or destabilization of systems that are built on trust. This article advocates for a human-centric approach to cyber security, which emphasizes harm mitigation strategies.

This paper comparatively analyses the e-waste sector in China, Japan, and Vietnam by examining progress towards the international best practice model of Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) within each country. Through three distinct, yet interdependent dimensions of ISWM (stakeholders, waste system elements, and sustainability aspects), similarities and differences between the three East Asian countries are identified. The analysis shows that the e-waste management approaches differ substantially. The Vietnamese e-waste management approach is least consistent with the ISWM framework, while Japan complies the most with the ideals of the model and Chinese progress towards ISWM is mostly located between the two countries. However, a substantial proportion of Japanese e-waste is exported to developing countries in an uncontrolled manner. The analysis further suggests that the state of development and national characteristics have a significant impact on how the three countries approach e-waste management. In particular, the central role of the informal e-waste sectors in China and Vietnam poses a challenge to the establishment of an effective integrated sustainable e-waste management system. In light of the transnational flow of e-waste in the region, only joint actions will lead to long-term solutions to the increasing threat of e-waste to the environment and human health.

The global production and demand of electronic appliances is exponentially growing, increasingly depleting natural resources. This is resulting in increasing amounts of electronic waste (e-waste), which is a challenge for resource management, as e-waste holds valuable resources that can be channeled back into the electronics production cycle. China, as one of the world's main recipients of e-waste, is facing a twofold burden. Increasing amounts of e-waste are generated domestically, and there is a continuous flow of illegally imported e-waste. E-waste entering China from abroad is handled entirely by the informal recycling sector, which also covers most of nationally generated e-waste. Recycling practices in the informal sector are predominantly at primitive levels, not only posing serious harm to the environment and public health, but also resulting in inefficient resource recovery results. This paper analyzes the structure of the informal e-waste sector in China and challenges that impede the effective integration of the informal into the formal system. It also identifies good practices that may be applied to address these challenges and establish a sustainable e-waste management system in the country, which will allow China to recover valuable resources from e-waste and mitigate harm to the environment and human health.

At the invitation of the government of the United Kingdom, the Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre (GCSCC) has conducted a review of cybersecurity capacity in the UK, supported by the host team (Office of Cyber Security and Information Assurance within the Cabinet Office – OCSIA). The objective of this review is to enable the UK to determine areas of capacity in which the government might strategically invest in order to become more cyber secure. The GCSCC review will contribute to the development of the UK National Cybersecurity Strategy 2016–2020.

Through collaboration with the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre (GCSCC, or ‘the Centre’) has facilitated a review of the maturity of cyber-security capacity of the Republic of Sierra Leone, hosted by the Ministry of Information and Communications. The objective of this review is to enable the Republic of Sierra Leone to gain an understanding of its cyber-security capacity in order to strategically prioritize further investment in capacities. Between 29th June and 1st July 2016, stakeholders from the following sectors participated in round-table consultations: government departments and ministries, academia, civil society, legislators and policy owners, diplomatic missions, Information Technology leaders from government and the private sector, Internet Service Providers and the banking sector.

Coherent, adaptable and durable cybersecurity capacity-building requires a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of harms that can be caused by cyber-events. At the national level, the avoidance and reduction of harm is a central feature in all efforts to develop cybersecurity policy, strategy and capacity. This article offers a taxonomy of cyber harm, which enables a better understanding of how harm is manifested within and outside of cyberspace, and proposes an initial set of metrics and methods to assess cyber harm in national contexts. Based on this framework, a national Cyber Harm Model (CHM) would form the basis for a comprehensive and durable cybersecurity policy by contextualising and validating cybersecurity capacity research that has resulted in the development of the National Cybersecurity Capacity Maturity Model (CMM).

In collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre (GCSCC, or ‘the Centre’) was invited to undertake a review of the maturity of cybersecurity capacity in the Republic of Madagascar. The review was hosted by the Agency for Regulation of Technology and Telecommunication (Autorité de Régulation des Technologies de Communication), ARTEC. The objective of the review was to enable the Republic of Madagascar to gain an understanding of its cybersecurity capacity in order to develop an investment strategy for the development of Madagascar’s cybersecurity capacity. Between 24th and 26th August 2016, stakeholders from the following sectors participated in roundtable consultations: public sector entities, academia, civil society, legislators and policy makers, information technology officers from government and the private sector, Internet Service Providers and the banking sector.