Based on two contrasting understandings of a protected area in the Peruvian Amazon, this article explores the parallels and disconnections between Indigenous and state conceptions of what environmental sustainability looks like and who bears ultimate responsibility for achieving it. Based on long-term fieldwork and recent interviews in south-eastern Peru, the article first explores the contemporary Peruvian state's drive to divest itself of the responsibility and cost of environmental protection by shifting the burden onto local communities. This is then contrasted with local Indigenous perspectives that seek to draw representatives of the state into relations of enduring conviviality that implicitly place the responsibility for achieving the desired future on the state. While exploring the apparent incongruity between these two approaches the article shows how the current status quo of intermittent but recurring capacity development events works in the interests of all local parties in ensuring the continuing flow of outside support.

This paper reflects on the continued persistence of the idea in conservation research and practice that poverty drives biodiversity loss (the poverty-biodiversity loss association [PBLA]). We draw on evidence to show how the PBLA has proven resistant to counter-evidence and is particularly visible at local-level implementation, and is often implicit in conservation strategies. We untangle three underlying reasons that help to explain why the PBLA has persisted under a verisimilitude (seeming truth) that can leave it hiding in plain sight. In doing so, we offer conservation science and practice the means to recognise and thereby remedy this thinking where it exists, and in so doing, advance conservation towards its aims of equitable and effective delivery. We outline how the Connected Conservation model may be better equipped to challenge the disproportionate role of wealth in biodiversity decline whilst empowering biodiversity stewards and their plural knowledge, values and governance systems.

In Of Mixed Blood, Peter Gow sets out an account of the transformations of kinship and the construction of social relations among Indigenous, mainly Yine (Piro), people of the Bajo Urubamba valley in the early 1980s, when Peru’s “Comunidades Nativas” (“Native Communities”) were receiving their new official titles. We revisit Peter’s proposition by comparing it our more recent ethnographic engagements with Indigenous Asháninka/Ashéninka communities in the region. While tracing continuities from his observations, we also show how social relations now play out in different ways, as certain important resources have become scarcer and the need for money is increasingly central for people’s wellbeing. This new context is framed by the expansion of the extractive frontier, a different legal regime of access to land and resources in Comunidades Nativas, and expanding Indigenous groups living in smaller and increasingly degraded areas. In this context, we see not the embracing of new forms of overarching solidarity linked to Comunidades, but rather the shrinking of familial units within these titled territories. The article reflects on Peter’s propositions through vignettes that show how processes of making and unmaking social relations and creating new identities play out in different settings while still maintaining an internal coherence.

The convergence of the biodiversity and climate crises, widening of wealth inequality, and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic underscore the urgent need to mobilize change to secure sustainable futures. Centres of tropical biodiversity are a major focus of conservation efforts, delivered in predominantly site-level interventions often incorporating alternative-livelihood provision or poverty-alleviation components. Yet, a focus on site-level intervention is ill-equipped to address the disproportionate role of (often distant) wealth in biodiversity collapse. Further these approaches often attempt to ‘resolve’ local economic poverty in order to safeguard biodiversity in a seemingly virtuous act, potentially overlooking local communities as the living locus of solutions to the biodiversity crisis. We offer Connected Conservation: a dual-branched conservation model that commands novel actions to tackle distant wealth-related drivers of biodiversity decline, while enhancing site-level conservation to empower biodiversity stewards. We synthesize diverse literatures to outline the need for this shift in conservation practice. We identify three dominant negative flows arising in centres of wealth that disproportionately undermine biodiversity, and highlight the three key positive, though marginalized, flows that enhance biodiversity and exist within biocultural centres. Connected Conservation works to amplify the positive flows, and diminish the negative flows, and thereby orientates towards desired states with justice at the centre. We identify connected conservation actions that can be applied and replicated to address the telecoupled, wealth-related reality of biodiversity collapse while empowering contemporary biodiversity stewards. The approach calls for conservation to extend its collaborations across sectors in order to deliver to transformative change.

Focused on one officially recognised Ashaninka Comunidad Nativa ('Native Community') on the Ucayali River in Peruvian Amazonia, the article examines indigenous responses to the demands and expectations of being part of the Peruvian state and the associated techniques of government. The article traces the origins of such communities to the 1974 Law of Native Communities, showing how their form and function has been produced through the constant interplay between external and internal conceptions of the proper organisation of communal life. Drawing on Lévi-Strauss' notion of bricolage as well as more recent discussions of 'indigenous creolisation,' hybridity and the 'openness' of Amerindian societies the article emphasises the productivity of focusing on the everyday constructions of hybrid forms rather than distinct categories. In a final section it draws out the implications of this understanding to recent political discussions and uses of the concept of Buen Vivir ('living well'). In this way it argues that while emphasising and projecting particular ideas of indigenous culture may be one strategy for indigenous survival and action, the ability to combine and mix new forms of living remains a key component of contemporary indigenous lives in Amazonia.

Through ethnography of Ashaninka communities' involvement in timber extraction in Peruvian Amazonia and an engagement with recent discussions around Buen Vivir the article interrogates the common association between indigenous notions of 'living well' and environmental protection. A key insight is that Ashaninka individuals emphasise everyday well-being and equality over the preservation of their surroundings. Older critiques of extractivism are used to show the recent advent of environmentalist discourses and highlight issues connected with emphasising ontological difference. The article concludes that Buen Vivir would be better framed as a desire, and right, to self-determination rather than being associated with specific behaviours.

Bulletin of Latin American ResearchVolume 38, Issue 1 p. 108-109 Book Review Creating Dialogues: Indigenous Perceptions and Changing Forms of Leadership in Amazonia - edited by Veber, Hanne and Virtanen, Pirjo Kristiina Evan Killick, Evan Killick University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author Evan Killick, Evan Killick University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12934Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue1Special Issue: New Perspectives on the History of Rural Health in Latin AmericaJanuary 2019Pages 108-109 RelatedInformation

Amazonia in contemporary academic as well as public discourse is often placed in opposition to modernity, its peoples and environment represented as offering an alternative to modern ways of seeing and being in the world. Through a contemporary and historical consideration of the Brazilian Amazonian town of Belterra, this paper questions such a perspective by emphasizing the complexity of local social and environmental realities as well as the form that outside, modern interventions have taken in the region. The identities of neo-Amazonian populations are also discussed, both in relation to their relative invisibility in anthropological theory and wider political narratives as well as the manner in which their indigeneity is now emerging in local contexts. Overall it is argued that paying attention to social and environmental complexity as well as the hybrid social and cultural forms of the region may offer hope for a shared social and environmental future.

We introduce a hybrid simulation model (‘SimPachamama’) designed to explore the complex socio-environmental trade-offs of alternative policy bundles and policy sequencing options for stemming deforestation and reducing poverty in tropical countries. Designed and calibrated to the initial conditions of a small forest village in rural Bolivia, the model consists of: (a) an optimising agricultural household module of heterogeneous agents that make individually optimal land-use decisions based on factor endowments and market conditions; (b) an encompassing general equilibrium ‘shell’ module that endogenously determines wages and links the agricultural labour market and rural-urban migration rates; and (c) a novel user-controlled policy-maker module that allows the user to make ‘real time’ choices over a variety of public and environmental policies that in turn impact land use, welfare, and migration. Over a 20-year simulation period the results highlight trade-offs between reductions in deforestation and improvements in household welfare that can only be overcome either when international REDD payments are offered or when decentralized deforestation taxes are implemented. The sequencing of policies plays a critical role in the determination of these results.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsConjuring Property: Speculation and Environmental Futures in the Brazilian Amazon. Jeremy M. Campbell. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015, 231 pp. $30.00, paper. ISBN 9780295995298.Evan KillickEvan KillickUniversity of Sussex Search for more articles by this author University of SussexPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Anthropological Research Volume 72, Number 4Winter 2016 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/689349 Views: 40Total views on this site © 2016 by The University of New Mexico. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Journal of the Royal Anthropological InstituteVolume 22, Issue 3 p. 727-728 Book review Larsen Peter Bille. Post-frontier resource governance: indigenous rights, extraction and conservation in the Peruvian Amazon. xiv, 185 pp., maps, tables, bibliogr. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. £58.00 (cloth) Evan Killick, Evan Killick University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author Evan Killick, Evan Killick University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 August 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12460Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume22, Issue3September 2016Pages 727-728 RelatedInformation

The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean AnthropologyVolume 18, Issue 1 p. e1-e7 Introduction Trade, Exchange and Markets in Indigenous Latin America – An Introduction Evan Killick, Evan KillickSearch for more papers by this author Evan Killick, Evan KillickSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 June 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12035Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue1March 2013Pages e1-e7 RelatedInformation

Using a mixed-method approach of econometric and ethnographic field research, this article examines the social and economic costs and benefits of increases in soybean production in the Brazilian Amazon. Statistical analysis suggests that increased soy production both reduces poverty indicators and raises median rural incomes, but is also associated with increased measures of inequality. Qualitative fieldwork sheds light on the wider political and social causes and consequences of this increasing inequality, pointing to ethnic differences between large soy farmers and local populations that raise long standing prejudices and tensions.

Under recent reforms, the UK government has eroded state funding for civil legal aid. Funding cuts affect asylum and immigration law as produced, practiced, and mediated in the course of interactions between case workers and their clients in legal-aid-funded Law Centers in South London. The article explores the contradictory character of one-on-one relationships between case workers and clients. Despite pressure to quantify their work in “value for money” terms, the empathy that often motivates case workers drives them to provide exceptional levels of aid to their clients in facing an arbitrary bureaucracy. Such personalized commitment may persuade applicants to accept the decisions of that bureaucracy, thus reinforcing a hegemonic understanding of the power of the law. The article, however, challenges the assumption that, in attempting to shape immigrant/refugees as model—albeit second-class—citizens, case worker/client interactions necessarily subscribe to the categories and assumptions that underpin UK immigration and asylum law.

Journal of the Royal Anthropological InstituteVolume 18, Issue 1 p. 197-198 I foresee my life: the ritual performance of autobiography in an Amazonian community – By Suzanne Oakdale EVAN KILLICK, EVAN KILLICK University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author EVAN KILLICK, EVAN KILLICK University of SussexSearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 February 2012 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01740_1.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume18, Issue1March 2012Pages 197-198 RelatedInformation