Cellular Steel Beam (CSB) are Widely recognized and used in steel structures due to their numerous benefits, including visually appealing design, flexible structural elements, exceptional structural integrity, and the ability to incorporate utility conduits within the web beam section. These beams are often integrated into construction systems, often requiring the alteration of solid steel beams through the introduction of web holes to preserve their structural integrity. This study investigates the various forms of CSB failure that may arise from the insertion of circular web holes. High temperatures are a significant environmental factor that significantly impacts the performance of CSB, with failure modes associated with elevated temperatures including Vierendeel bending, web-post buckling, and vertical deformation. The study uses extensive finite element simulations with the ABAQUS program to numerically simulate and investigate the performance of shielded CSB with web apertures under increased temperature conditions and applied stresses. The study presents a novel methodology involving the use of intumescent coatings with different thicknesses to provide complete coverage of the CSB, aiming to improve the stiffness of the beam when exposed to high temperatures. The simulation findings show that the use of thicker intumescent coatings leads to marginal enhancements in the reduction of vertical deformation and web-post buckling. These findings are of practical significance for professionals in structural engineering and architecture involved in designing and evaluating structures based on composite steel and concrete materials in fire-prone areas, contributing to the advancement of resilient structural engineering.

In this study, the thermo-mechanical behaviour and failure characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) columns under high temperatures are the focus of an extensive numerical investigation. The fundamental goals of this study are threefold: first, utilising cutting-edge ABAQUS CAE software, the authors discuss the construction and validation of a robust numerical model for RC columns that are successfully contained by two layers of partial carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP). Second, a thorough evaluation of how partial CFRP confinement affects RC column performance is carried out. Finally, ISO 834 Standard Fire curve testing is used to assess the reaction and structural behaviour of RC concrete columns that have been particularly reinforced with two layers of partial CFRP. Circular RC column specimens of uniform dimensions (200mm in diameter and 1000mm in height) are used as testing materials in this investigation. In order to explore the complicated relationship between temperature, confinement, and structural integrity, finite element analysis (FEA) procedures are methodically carried out using ABAQUS CAE software. This study investigates the thermo-mechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) columns partially confined with CFRP at elevated temperatures in order to improve their fire resistance. The study employs advanced finite element analysis (FEA) using ABAQUS CAE software to measure enhancements in structural integrity. The findings indicate a 20% augmentation in load-bearing capacity and a notable postponement in the initiation of failure under ISO 834 standard fire conditions. This study adds to our knowledge of the behaviour of RC columns reinforced with partial CFRP confinement, in particular when subjected to high temperatures. Sustainable and resilient structural engineering methods can benefit greatly from such insights, as they can help advance fire-resistant design strategies and reinforce measures for important facilities.

This research investigates the structural behaviour of stainless-steel beams (SSBs) when subjected to extreme temperatures, specifically in the context of fire-induced deformations. High temperatures, typical of fire occurrences, exert large thermal loads on SSBs, leading in material property changes that make the metal more brittle, stiffer, and brittle. The objective of this study is to investigate extensively the behaviour of SSBs under the combined impact of heat transfer and applied loads, with a focus on substantial deflections. To completely assess the performance of SSBs, we undertake parametric investigations and systematic research efforts. The initial phase comprises a thorough review of relevant data about the behaviour of SSBs at increased temperatures. Afterwards, a parametric study of the web section is conducted to determine the performance of the SSBs under exposure to fire and applied stresses. In order to ease the numerical research, the finite element (FE) program ABAQUS CAE is used to simulate stainless steel I-section beams of varying diameters subjected to realistic fire conditions according to the ISO 834 standard fire curve. The average discrepancy between numerical forecasts and experimental data for six separate models about the final temperature readings is 2.74 percent. Prior to actual collapse, the axial displacement of the SSBs decreases by around 7.5%, showing significant temperature influences on their strength. In addition, the axial deformation of the SSBs exhibits greater displacements in the web portion than in the flange section following fire exposure and loading. This discovery highlights the need to take into account the unique thermal expansion and stiffness characteristics of the web and flange components during fire occurrences. Utilising the finite element approach in ABAQUS reveals the resistance of SSBs to increased temperatures. The findings highlight the potential advantages of using stronger SSBs to maximise the structural response under fire conditions. This study gives useful insights into the thermal behaviour of SSBs and has important implications for building fire-resistant structures, boosting the fire safety of constructions, and enhancing their resistance against fire risks.

This study investigates the use of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete to improve sustainability in building. Multiple concrete samples were examined with varying percentages of POFA substitution (0

The application of iron-based Shape Memory Alloy (Fe-SMA) for enhancing the structural performance of existing buildings and infrastructure has recently gained significant traction. Utilising the shape memory effect in this smart material to induce prestressing forces shows a promising outcome in enhancing structural behaviour. However, there is a limited understanding of this new strengthening material, which hinders its optimisation and can limit the safety and efficiency of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This study explores the behaviour of RC beam strengthened with Near-surface Mounted (NSM) approach using iron-based shape memory alloy subjected to similar loading conditions. The failure modes of the tested strengthened RC beams are investigated in this study. Four-point testing was performed to assess the behaviour of RC beams. It is found that the flexural failure of RC beams has a 22

Recently, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), particularly for strengthening RC columns, has been the chosen strengthening method. However, various approaches have been adopted to use CFRP as a strengthening material due to the higher expense of employing it. In this study, the behaviour of RC columns confined with one and two layers of CFRP strips were examined, and a comparison between confined and unconfined RC columns is conducted. Twelve RC column specimens with dimensions of 200 mm in diameter and 1000 mm in height were cast and tested under an axial load. In this study, the load-displacement, stress-strain, improvement in strength, and failure modes of the RC column specimens were discussed. This study revealed that, compared to an unconfined RC column, the strength of the RC column rose by 40

The demands of applying steel fibres in concrete has increased gradually as an alternative engineering material nowadays. This research embarks on the steel fibre application in self-compacting steel fibre reinforced (SCFRC) concrete ribbed slab structure. In this research, there were two models developed in the Abaqus software, i.e. a ribbed slab model and a solid concrete slab in order to analyze the flexural behaviour of these simply supported structures. The slab models’ overall dimension is 1200 mm width, 2800 mm in length and overall thickness of 200 mm. Based on the experimental work, the concrete slab was designed as Grade 30 self-compacting concrete with 1

Despite the fact that reinforced concrete is widely recognized as a fire-resistant construction material, high temperatures exposure for an extended period of time can change the physical and chemical properties of steel and concrete, resulting in serious damage to RC structures and, ultimately, the collapse of the entire structural system. This poses a serious threat to human life. As a solution to these problems, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has become increasingly popular in buildings and infrastructure over the past few decades. It has been shown to be an effective application with reinforcing steel of reinforced concrete (RC) members, as it can significantly increase their load carrying capacity and ductility. When exposed to fire, the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns with full confined carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) will be the primary focus of this investigation. The study will be carried out using numerical analysis, specifically the Finite Element Method (FEM). The ABAQUS CAE software will be used to create three models for the purposes of this investigation. The results of the finite element modelling agreed very well with those of the experimental results, and the results of the numerical simulation indicate that when the elements are exposed to fire, the values of stress and strain decrease.

A student learning portfolio is a documentation of student work that exhibits a student's effort, learning progress, achievements, and competencies gained during a course or time in university. However, compiling a hardcopy student learning portfolio requires excessive physical resources and space. Therefore, an innovative, creative and economical solution is needed for quality student service. Hence the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pulau Pinang, has developed an initiative to implement an online student learning portfolio using the Google Sites online platform. This paper has two main objectives. Firstly, to describe the documentation processes of the online student portfolio implementation, which comprises the students' learning reflection, the cumulative Program Outcomes, (PO) attainment, and the progressive learning performance. Secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the student learning portfolio using an online platform. 863 students participated and successfully produced the online learning portfolio. The output and feedback received from the participants show that the implementation of the online student portfolio is highly beneficial and effective for both the students and the Faculty management, especially during a pandemic like COVID-19, where an economical solution is required, and the availability of documentation online can be accessed remotely.

Circular hollow reinforced concrete column will experience deterioration due to many causes such as natural disaster, corrosion, low quality and others. Therefore, structural strengthening is required since replacing the deteriorated column is costly. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement is one of the common method used for column strengthening. However, being a non- biodegradable material, the usage of CFRP will contribute to environmental issues. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of using partial CFRP confinement in a strengthened circular hollow reinforced concrete column. Six specimens of 2 m height with 250 mm and 110 mm for outer and inner diameter were tested. The effectiveness of partial CFRP confinement is analyzed by investigating the tested specimens’ axial and transverse displacement and strain behaviour. This study has shown that with CFRP partial confinement the strength is increased up to 44% from the unconfined circular hollow reinforced concrete column. The results of the study showed that, circular hollow reinforced concrete column with CFRP partial confinement able to enhanced the column load carrying capacity.

The flexural performance of three SCFRC ribbed slabs with different fibre provision area were investigated in this paper; in both ribs and flange (SFWS), ribs only with additional welded mesh in flange (SFT) and in ribs only (SFR). Short hooked end fibres of 35 mm length of 1% volume fraction was blended with the flowable self-compacting concrete (SCC) were used as the material for the slabs. Slab samples of 2.8 × 1.2 × 0.2 m were constructed and loaded until failure under four- point bending. Investigation was carried out in view of the load bearing capacity, deflection, energy absorption capacity as well as the failure modes. The influence of the steel fibre provision on the strain distribution was also examined.

Nowadays, there are many strengthening method for reinforced concrete structure to provide additional strength to the structure in terms of compressive and tensile strength. Among those methods, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is one of the materials that is widely used for strengthening because of its high strength and lightness in weight. To date, the application of CFRP on columns is more focused on full CFRP confinement. Studies in partial confinement is still developing as the strength is expected to be lower than the full confinement. However, the application of partial confinement can be considered as favorable as it would result in lesser usage of CFRP material which is cost saving as well as providing ease to the wrapping process. In this study, three column models; consisting of a control (unconfined), fully confined and partially confined column models were simulated using the ABAQUS software. The objectives of this research is to validate the CFRP strengthened column model to the experimental results as well as to evaluate the compressive behavior of the full and partial CFRP confined column in comparison to the control (unconfined) model. The simulated column models were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, from the results, it shows that both confinement methods effectively enhance the strength of the column under load application. Positive findings from this paper presents that partial confinement can be developed as an alternative approach for the CFRP strengthening technique for reinforced concrete columns.

In this paper, numerical simulation initiated to investigate the mechanical response of reinforced concrete (RC) column strengthened by partially confined carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). An experimental investigation of the circular hollow unconfined and confined RC column enhances with a partially CFRP sheet has been performed to investigate its behavior under concentric loading on top of the RC column. From the experimental data, the critical buckling failure of the RC column observed. Therefore, the prediction behavior of the RC column strengthened with partially confined CFRP under concentric loading was made with the application of the general-purpose of ABAQUS finite element simulation. From the outcome of the simulation results, the predicted buckling failure compared and validated against the experimental data. The predicted model discovered to agrees well with the experimental work output.

Currently, in Malaysia, there has been an alarming number of fire breakouts that not only concern the lives of the residents but also the integrity of the exposed structures themselves. Exposure to high temperature may result in significant damage to reinforced concrete structures such as losses in strength, thus affecting its mechanical and physical properties. The chances of re-using the structure after the event of a fire by means of applying certain retrofitting measures are mainly dependent on the residual load-bearing capacity and an acceptable residual deflection. The structural design of buildings should be carried out so that a structure is able to maintain its stability and strength throughout its service life, including design consideration on fire resistance. This research was carried out to study the effectiveness of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet to strengthened concrete cylinders under high temperatures (600℃ and 800℃). The study will focus on the effect of high temperature on compressive strength as well as the effect of high temperature on the CFRP concrete cylinder. Eighteen (18) concrete cylinder samples of 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter were fabricated, which consist of six (6) control samples (without CFRP), six (6) CFRP concrete cylinders and the remaining three (3) CFRP concrete cylinders were insulated with fire protection mortar. The average strength loss of the control sample (without CFRP), when exposed to 600℃, is about 28% compared to control samples. The average compressive strength of the CFRP concrete cylinder exposed to 600℃ is increased by about 9% compared to the control sample. Fire protection mortar can prevent the concrete cylinder from spalling, major cracks and combustion of CFRP at high temperature. The knowledge in this research field can be used as the basis for structural rehabilitation work.

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) confinement has always been one of the strengthening methods available for a vulnerable concrete column. This paper presents the compressive behaviour of nine circular concrete cylinders with CFRP confinement. Three different specimen conditions considered; full CFRP confinement, partial CFRP confinement and unconfined (control specimen). Nine concrete cylinders with 100 mm x 200 mm were tested under compression load. It is discovered that full and partial CFRP confinement had improved concrete cylinder ultimate load capacity by 300% and 150% respectively when compared to the unconfined concrete cylinder. With 150% strength enhancement achieved by partial CFRP confined specimen, it is proven that partial CFRP confinement does provide sufficient confinement in enhancing concrete column strength as full CFRP confinement. This finding has led to remarkable discoveries which with lesser CFRP used the functionality of CFRP as strengthening material can still be utilized. Therefore, could contribute significant input to the construction industry in using lesser CFRP for more sustainable material approach.

The use of steel fibre has proven to be effective in enhancing the performance of concrete structure. However, its application in the prestressed concrete is not fully understood. Therefore, this study presents the application of steel fibre in the prestressed concrete beam. An investigation on the crack pattern and load-deflection relationship of prestressed concrete beam filled with steel fibre was carried out and a comparison is made with the prestressed concrete beam without the steel fibre. A total of three configurations of beams with size of 150 x 200 x 1200 mm were employed. Steel fibres were added with two different volume fractions of 3% and 5%. Experimental results showed that the control beam experienced shear crack pattern, while the other two beams experienced the flexural-shear crack. In comparison between two different percentages of steel fibre in the beam configurations, more cracks were observed in the prestressed beam that filled with 3% steel fibre compared to the prestressed beam filled with 5% of steel fibre.

Traditionally, standard composite steel beam section acts as a load bearing structural element to sustain an external load. However, in the event of fire, an additional fire load acts on the composite steel beam section. The combined action of the former and latter would accelerate the vertical deformation of the beam. In the case of cellular steel beam (CSB), the vertical deformation predicted to be higher. Due to these circumstances, the structural behaviour of the composite CSB were compromised leading to the critical failure mode of web-post buckling and Vierendeel bending failure. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the behaviour of the composite CSB at elevated temperature under both loading action. In this research work, validation process was initiated between the numerical simulation analysis of CSB exposed to the fire with the readily available experimental data work. The validated model was then used to simulate the composite CSB with newly added fire protection material of intumescent coating. From the finite element simulation, the predicted vertical deformation slightly decreased for thicker intumescent coating application onto the beam surface. In conclusion, by applying the intumescent coating, further improvements were predicted for the vertical deformation and subsequently maintains the strength of the composite CSB at elevated temperature.

This paper presents a numerical analysis of simply supported cellular steel beam (CSB) at elevated temperatures. Currently, CSB is increasingly used as the main structural element in multi-storey buildings, warehouses and any steel structures. Typical steel beams are mainly used as a dwelling load bearing capacity. CSB is one of the options to replace the former steel beam. Several advantages can be gained when adopting CSB as the main structural element in structures. However, several drawbacks have restricted the structural performance of CSB under applied load, especially under fire exposure. Fire is one of the major catastrophe that may endanger any structural steel member in a steel frame building under certain duration. It is important to reduce the member temperature induce by fire exposure to prolong the time before the CSB failed. Experimental data available in the literature review will be used to validate with numerical simulation in this research.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the predicted temperature behaviour of the protected cellular steel beam (CSB) with circular web openings at elevated temperature through finite element simulation. Design/methodology/approach Temperature development along the CSB were analysed and used for parametric investigation. In addition, this research paper investigates the novelty application of various intumescent coating thicknesses covering the whole CSB to cut down the temperature development along the beam section. Findings From the simulation outcomes, it shows that intumescent coating has a significant effect in reducing the temperature development along the CSB section. Thicker intumescent coating contributes to a higher temperature drop at the bottom tee section than the upper tee section. Originality/value The use of structural CSB has gained popularity among engineers and architects. This type of beam allows serviceability ducts and pipes to pass through the main steel web section under the flooring system, thus providing larger headroom for designers. Nevertheless, in any structural steel building, it is highly risky for CSB to be exposed to fire hazard if it were triggered accidentally. To mitigate and reduce fire exposure risk which might compromise the strength and stiffness of CSB, a passive fire protection is proposed to minimise the risk. One of the common passive fire protection materials used for steel beam section is intumescent coating. Intumescent coating is by far the cheapest solution to protect CSB as compared to other passive fire protection system. Intumescent coating can absorb some portion of heat exposure which subsequently translates a lower temperature development along the CSB section.

This paper presents the numerical analysis of temperature distribution of a simply supported naked solid steel beam (SSNSSB) under fire exposure. Prescriptive based approach particularly is the safest and easiest approach to determine the level of strength of structural member when expose to elevated temperature. However, this method assuming uniform fire exposure through the overall cross section of the structural member which may leads to over design. The outcome of the design may not reflect the real fire scenario. Performance-based approach is a realistic approach which can predict the structural steel behavior. In this method, three main components were considered, namely fire exposure behavior, heat transfer analysis and mechanical reaction. Fire exposure behavior dealing with types or severity fire load exposed to structural member. There are few options available to determine the fire extent, namely nominal fire models, compartment fires, localized fires, zone models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Meanwhile, heat transfer analysis estimates the energy dissipation (initiate from fire) between structural elements due to temperature variation. Structural response incorporates finite element modeling that predicts the structural element behavior, namely stresses and deformation. This method considers the prime factors such as shadow effect, support condition, loading condition, boundary conditions and interaction properties between different structural elements which can optimize the structural behavior analysis. However, there are still lack of research that consider those factors that might jeopardize the behavior of steel beam. Owing to this, a performance-based approach method was introduced in this research. Experimental investigation was retrieved from the readily available data of Compendium of UK Standard Fire Test Data. One sample of SSNSSB was selected from the wide range of naked solid beam available from the Compendium. Standard fire curve of ISO 834 was used during numerical simulation to correlate with the experimental investigation. From the results of the finite element simulation, the predicted member temperature agrees well with the experimental investigations. Hence, future works of cellular steel beam (CSB) with various web opening shapes can be initiate due to its limited researches related to CSB at elevated temperatures.