The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) surface height of a pure bulk material can be used as an absolute standard value to calibrate the detector solid angle. This work presents the results of an international collaboration started at the beginning of 1998 to define the surface height of the RBS spectrum (H0) of Si, amorphized by ion implantation to avoid channeling. The analyses were performed with 1–3 MeV He beams and 170° scattering angle. The detector solid angle was estimated in the different laboratories either by geometrical measurement or by a calibrated standard. The agreement of the experimental H0 values is of the order ±2%, the claimed accuracy for RBS. The results are also consistent at 2% level with both the stopping power measurements of Konac et al. (1998), and the measurements of Lennard et al. (1999).

${}^{30}\mathrm{Si}$ diffusion was measured in quartz along c axis in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-phase field, at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1400$-- $1600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and the ${}^{30}\mathrm{Si}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{31}P$ resonant nuclear reaction. The diffusion coefficient $D({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}){\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10}^{(6.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)}\mathrm{exp}[(\ensuremath{-}7.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\mathrm{eV})/\mathrm{kT}]$, comparable to $D$ of silicon in vitreous ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$. We suggest Frenkel pairs as majority defects with diffusion occurring by interstitial mechanism.

Ion-beam-induced atomic mixing of Ti/Ni and amorphous TiNi/Ni brought about by a 300 keV krypton beam is studied by Rutherford backscattering analysis. It is shown that a predeposited thin amorphous layer of NiTi between titanium and nickel does not affect the mixing of the NiTi couple. Mixing experiments carried out with the bilayered sample (amorphous TiNi/Ni) show that the effective irradiation-enhanced diffusion of nickel into the amorphous alloy NiTi is very large. In all the experiments, the nickel concentration CNi in the amorphous alloy tends to the value 0.6.

We have made a first determination of the diffusion coefficient D of Al in diopside, via a nuclear microanalysis technique: proton energy scanning using the 992 keV resonance of27Al(p,γ)28Si. We find D = (0.32 ± 0.07) × 10−16 cm2/s at T = 1180°C, which is the mean value of two experiments.

The southeast Anatolian ophiolites form discontinuous linear belts of oceanic fragments immediately north of the Bitlis–Zagros suture, which marks a continental collision zone between the Arabian platform to the south and the Taurides to the north. The Late Cretaceous ophiolites in the southeast Anatolia are represented by the Kızıldağ in the Hatay area, the Göksun and the Berit to the north of Kahramanmaraş, İspendere in the Malatya area and Kömürhan–Guleman in the Elazığ area. The Göksun, Berit, İspendere, Kömürhan and Guleman ophiolites were attached to the base of the Tauride platform (i.e. the Malatya–Keban) along its northern active margin and intruded by the I-type calc-alkaline granitoids of Late Cretaceous age. In contrast, the Kızıldağ (Hatay) ophiolite was thrust over the Arabian passive margin in the south. The cumulate rocks in the ophiolites are represented by dunite, wehrlite, lherzolite, olivine clinopyroxenite, olivine gabbronorite, olivine gabbro, gabbronorite and gabbro. Highly magnesian olivines (Fo88 to 74) and pyroxenes (Mg#95 to 60) as well as highly calcic plagioclases (An95 to 68) from the cumulate rocks differ from oceanic equivalents, which mainly formed from a MOR basaltic melt. The order of crystallization in mineral phases, whole rock and mineral chemistry data from the cumulates suggest that the primary magma is compositionaly similar to that observed in modern island arc tholeiitic sequences. The volcanic and subvolcanic rocks exhibit tholeiitic compositions. Chondrite normalized REE, N-MORB normalized multi-element patterns and tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest the existence of two main types of parental basic magmas in the crustal rocks of the SE Anatolian ophiolites. These are (i) IAT series that characterize the Kızıldağ, Göksun, İspendere, Kömürhan and Guleman ophiolites and (ii) Low-Ti boninitic series known only in the Kızıldağ ophiolite. The geochemistry of the crustal rocks suggests that they formed in a suprasubduction zone tectonic setting, including arc–forearc environments in the southern Neotethys. These well-preserved plutonic oceanic crustal remnants mainly exhibit an intact ophiolite pseudostratigraphy and are overlain by a volcanic-sedimentary unit made up of alternations of basic to acidic extrusive rocks, debris flows, volcaniclastic sandstones and pelagic limestones, interpreted as a tholeiitic ensimatic island arc assemblage built on the suprasubduction zone type crust. The metamorphism of some of the ophiolites (i.e. Berit) in the SE Anatolia might be related to later stages of intraoceanic subduction during the evolution of the southern Neotethys.

Ion-beam-induced atomic mixing of the TiNi system brought about by a 300 keV krypton beam is studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometric analysis. Samples are as follows: 1.(1) thin markers (30 Å thick) of nickel in a titanium matrix and titanium in a nickel matrix;2.(2) bilayers of nickel (450 Å thick on top) and titanium (1500 Å) electron gun evaporated on a superficially oxidized silicon wafer;3.(3) a thin layer (100 Å thick) of Ni/50 at.% Ti electron gun co-evaporated sandwiched between 450 Å of nickel on top and 1500 Å of titanium.

The influence of radiation damage on the lattice location of heavy impurities (Yb and Au) implanted in iron is studied by channeling experiments. The nature of the impurity-radiation-damage interaction has been modified by annealing of room-temperature implanted samples or high-temperature implantation. The value of the corrected extinction ratio $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ measured in several crystallographic directions on room-temperature implanted Yb and Au impurities cannot be interpreted uniquely in terms of different site populations. The annealing- and implantation-temperature dependences of the ratio $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for Yb-implanted Fe are very different. Upon annealing, the value of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is unchanged up to 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and then drops abruptly. In hot-implant experiments, the extinction ratio starts to fall at \ensuremath{\sim}150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C when vacancies become mobile. Vacancy-assisted diffusion is suggested to cause the changes of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in both experiments. The temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ for the (100) plane is found to differ from that in other directions. This planar effect suggests that Yb impurities move preferentially in the (100) plane, which is the plane of vacancy loops in Fe. A quantitative analysis of these lattice-location results and of related hyperfine-interaction results is presented in a companion paper.

The multiple-scattering angular distributions of protons, helium, and nitrogen ions between 500 keV and 2 MeV which have passed through anodic Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films (in the 100-1500-\AA{} thickness range) formed on the top of [110] Si single crystals have been determined. They were obtained by comparing, at different penetration depths, the backscattering yields in Si crystals covered by Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layers to the azimuthally averaged yields in a bare crystal at various angles of incidence with respect to the [110] axis. The precision and limits of the method used are discussed. The detailed and precise experimental data on channeling in silicon which are required are reported. The experimental distributions are compared to the theoretical predictions obtained by extension of the Bothe's formula to diatomic targets and using a scattering cross section corresponding to the Thomas-Fermi potential. In the particular case of Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, the theoretical distributions are shown to be nearly identical to the distributions calculated for a monoatomic target of atomic number $Z=10$. Very good agreement is observed, for protons and helium, between the experimental and the theoretical distributions when the Thomas-Fermi screening radius of the target atoms is used. This screening radius is well adapted to our experimental cases since, in our energy domain, protons and helium have a very high probability to be completely stripped in matter.

Particle trajectories in planar channeling are investigated theoretically in the continuum potential approximation neglecting all statistical effects. The choice of the planar potential used is discussed. The flux distributions in the planar channels are calculated in detail; they appear to exhibit, at distances $y$ of the channel center, strong maxima which vary in number, position, and intensity with penetration depths $x$. The flux near the channel center oscillates strongly with depth. The backscattering yields as a function of depth are calculated for beams entering the crystal with various incident angles ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$ with respect to the planes. The effect of beam angular divergence is taken into account and discussed. The oscillating calculated backscattering yields are in good qualitative and, in some cases, semiquantitative agreement with the experimental results obtained in a preceding paper. Angular scans were plotted for various depth intervals; they also compare favorably with the experimental results. However, some quantitative discrepancies observed between the calculations and the experimental results set a limit to the validity of the unperturbed oscillator model and illustrate the roles of the thermal effects and of the competition between correlated and uncorrelated scattering events.

In a study of the rare-earth-oxygen interaction in iron, lattice location and integral perturbed-angular-correlation experiments were performed after implantation of Yb and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ in iron single crystals and foils. The ion-implantation energies were chosen so that the depth profiles overlapped almost completely. A strong Yb-O interaction is evidenced in both types of experiments. However, its effects on channeling results and on hyperfine-interaction measurements are found to be entirely different: In the present case, the usually assumed simple corespondence between impurity lattice location and hyperfine-field values certainly does not hold. The results are discussed in the light of a simple statistical model for the interaction probability between rare-earth and oxygen atoms.

The planar to axial transition for channeled 1.8 MeV He+ ions has been studied. The transition between the planar mode and the axial mode appears in a very narrow angular range. The planar spectra were fitted using a stochastic model described previously. In order to check the hypothesis that the structure observed in axial spectra is of planar origin, the axial spectrum was fitted using a linear combination of the spectra obtained for the two major planes which intercept along the axis. The fit obtained is rather good and leads to the conclusion that the oscillations observed in axial spectra can be due to particles non-channeled with respect to the axis but sensitive to a planar potential and hence having quasi-periodic oscillating trajectories.

Backscattering experiments in planar channeling have been performed on iron single crystals with 1.9-MeV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ beams; these conditions having been chosen for optimal study of the structure of the spectra. Both for the (110) and (100) planes five equally spaced yield maxima are clearly resolved, the maxima damping out at lower energies. Spectra were also registered at various angles of incidence ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$ with respect to the planes. Yield maxima are observed up to values of ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$ twice the half-width at half-minimum ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ of an angular scan across the plane [${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\frac{1}{2}}={18}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ for the (110) plane]. Except for the first two peaks, these maxima have the same spacing as in the aligned spectrum. They appear to be due to particles belonging to a well-defined transverse energy interval. The mean stopping power for these particles is close to the random stopping power and the mean half-wavelength of their oscillating trajectories in the planar channels calculated from the results is $\ensuremath{\lambda}=380$ \AA{} for the (110) plane and $\ensuremath{\lambda}=320$ \AA{} for the (100) plane. For ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}>1.2{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, the yield on the first maximum is greater than the random yield, reaching \ensuremath{\sim}1.6 times the latter for $1.4{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\frac{1}{2}}<{\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}<1.8{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\frac{1}{2}}$. The shoulder effect in the angular scans, as observed for various depths, is clearly related to the yield maxima and hence depends strongly on the position and width of the depth interval chosen. The meaning and validity of the assumption of statistical equilibrium for planar channeled particles are discussed in light of the results.

The possibility of “internal oxidation” in Yb-implanted iron is studied via 18O tracing experiments. For a 400 keV Yb-implantation in iron single crystals, no oxygen diffusion occurs at the Yb depth under implantation or annealing up to 520°C.

The intergranular segregation of antimony associated with temper embrittlement in a low carbon manganese steel was quantitatively studied through the backscattering of MeV12C12+ and1214N12+ ions. The principles of the technique and its application to interface segregation problems are briefly explained and its main advantages discussed. The influence of various heat treatments was investigated and shown to strongly influence the segregation taking place in the α field. Segregation could not be detected in the γ field. The kinetics of the phenomenon in the critical range (400° to 600°C) is described. The role of the micro-structure was studied and it is shown that segregation does not occur only at the previous austenitic grain boundaries but at all the disordered high angle boundaries of the structure. The grain boundary Sb content after a reversion and a resegregation treatment was also studied. The results are interpreted in terms of a reversible type of segregation taking place entirely in the α phase.

The amplitude-energy relationships for surface barrier detectors were measured for4He and12C particles, as well as the corresponding energy resolutions. It is shown that the use of12C beams presents no marked advantage for increasing mass or depth resolution. On the other hand pile-up phenomena are drastically reduced by using12C backscattering. Applications are shown to the determination of trace amounts of Sb or Yb near the surface of iron. Gold contaminations of silicon surfaces were precisely measured within minutes down to 5·1011 gold atom/cm2, the limiting sensitivity being of the order of 1010 atom/cm2 for traces of heavy elements, such as Au, Hg, Pb, etc. Sensitivities for lighter elements are discussed.