Background: Breast cancer, nowadays, becoming a commonly exposed disease in women. In India, 27.7% of all new cancers detected in women in the year 2018, were breast cancers. The Objec Objective: tive of the study is to represent the scenario of the occurrence of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal phases of women in the span of their reproductive period. Methodology: Various studies were searched using Pub-med and Google search engines. These study were analogously mentioned in this paper. Results: Early age at menarche, late age at menopause and every year older at menopause were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer awareness campaigns may have their roles in prevention of occurrence of the disease.
Background: High fertility countries provided the example that increment in female education can decrease the fertility up to 25 %. (1) Whereas a contradiction also appeared, when maternal education was highlighted with a negative association with maternal fertility in Africa.(2-6) Methodology: Search engine Pub Med and Google were searched to nd the valuable work previously done. Study studied and contemplated the data taken from MoHA, India. The data has its concern with education level and fertility indicators. Results and conclusions were made consequently. Results: Results were described under the three legends, as study considered rural as well as urban disparities, age specic fertility (ASFR)as a whole while concerning with education level, ASFR belonging to rural area while concerning with education level and ASFR belonging to urban area while concerning with education level. Discussion: The uctuations in the fertility indicators with education level were described
Background: One-third out of 151 million children are found to reside in India; making the country an outlier even among the developing nations [1,2,3]. Studies suggested that socio-economic conditions of the household play a major role in determining child health status as higher nancial capabilities are linked with better care, health services, quality of food resulting in positive health outcomes [1,4,5]. Methodology: The data for the study was taken from National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, Technical Report, Rural survey 2001, India. The data was given in accordance with states Kerala(197), Tamil Nadu(408), Karnataka(286), Andhra Pradesh(338), Maharashtra(332), Gujarat(288), Madhya Pradesh(292), Odisha (261), West Bengal(271). The percent Recommended Dietary Allowances or Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for Protein, Total Fat, Energy, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin-A, Thiamin, Riboavin, Niacin, Vitamin-C, Free Folic acid was given in the intervals less than 50 ,50-70,greater than equal to 70.The results and conclusions were made further. Results:Results were revealed in accordance with the highest and lowest values of percentage of RDA. Discussion: After observing the data discussion was made for future prospectus
Background: Only 37.3% of the participants had a high knowledge score. Most participants knew the main routes of HIV transmission; however, misconceptions existed about the transmission of HIV through mosquito bites across all age groups (31.7% correct response). According to National Aids Control Organization, India HIV Estimation 2017 report, National adult (15–49 years) HIV prevalence in India was estimated 0.22% (0.16% – 0.30%) in 2017. In the same year adult HIV prevalence reported was 0.25% (0.18-0.34) among males and at 0.19% (0.14-0.25) among Females(1). Condoms or sheaths are the oldest forms of barrier contraception used by the male(2). The female condom is made up of prelubricated polyurethane sheath which covers introitus in toto. It is found effective as a contraceptive as well as found protective against HIV/STI with the efcacy of 95% with perfect use and 79% with typical use(3). Methodology: In present study data is taken from National Family Health Survey-4(NFHS-4), 2015-16.The literature was reviewed using PubMed as well as Google search engine. The data was analyzed for states as well as union territories. The references quoted in this study were relevant with the title of the study e.g. relevant with knowledge about HIV and source of condoms. Results: Results were represented under to heads bibliography of women and bibliography of men thereafter a brief explanation of results was made beneath the subtitles, misconception and prevention, comprehensive knowledge of HIV and knowledge of condom source. Discussion: On the basis of this study, women and men who rejected two common misconceptions and knew how to prevent HIV/AIDS were reported 51.6% and 63% respectively. Whereas comprehensive knowledge of HIV in women is found less than 50% whereas in men it is observed not more than 59%, knowledge of condom source was found lesser in women (67.6%) than men (95.1%).Under all the three descriptions men are leading women. Condom awareness should be promoted at paramount class, especially in women cadre. Sex education may furnish with some high-yielding consequences.
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in female in the world. It is the second most common cancer among Indian women.(1). It is accounted for 25% of female cancer cases at all ages and for a greater percentage among young women. (2,3).Various studies reported that increased adiposity in childhood and before menopause is inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer diagnosed at premenopausal and postmenopausal ages, whereas increased adiposity after menopause is positively associated with risk.( 3-13).Obesity is associated both with a higher risk of developing breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women, and with worse disease outcome for women of all ages(14).In this study we considered copious studies concerning with weight gain and breast cancer in premenopausal phase of women. Thereafter in the last section of the study conclusion is made. Discussion: Being a woman is a risk factor for being diagnosed with breast cancer. Studies scrutinized, are reecting that obesity as well as premenopausal and postmenopausal phases impersonate their signicance in accentuated disease occurrence.
Breast cancer is accounted for a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Survival chances increases if disease under consideration is detected early with early implementation of treatment. In this study data under different heads e.g. knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer and breast self-examination, is taken from Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. In the last section of the study a discussion is made.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by the year 2025, 1.1 billion women will be age 50 or over, all of whom are or will soon be experiencing menopause. Bone loss is reported accelerated by the decline in estrogen at menopause which increases the probability of fracture in women in the underlined stage of menstrual cycle. In this study we considered different studies concerning with risk factors of fractures in postmenopausal women. In the beneath a discussion is also made. Discussion As estrogen has its influence with bone density in postmenopausal women, results in increased probability of fractures. There is a need of educational camps with regard to datary habits, preventions and early detection for the women belonging to age group underlined.
According to World Health Organization (WHO), the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014.In occurrence of obesity, socioeconomic factors play an important role. Obesity also has its association with a high risk to health. In this study we considered various studies concerning with obesity and socio-economic factors. In the beneath, a discussion is also made. Discussion Obesity has become a global and challenging epidemic. On the basis of studies considered we came to know that persons belonging to lower socio-economic status are at more risk of being obese or overweight. Thus to detect obesity at early stage and for its prevention, there is a need for public health program.
Pregnancy is a life changing event in a woman’s life. During pregnancy, depression, a psychiatric disorder, is faced by several women. It has become an important public health issue. Present study considers various studies that are in concern with depression during Pregnancy. In this paper imposed effects of depression on mother and infant are also studied. In the last section a discussion is made. Discussion Depression during pregnancy has its influence on mother mental health as well as on child development. There is a need to emphasize screening for depression during pregnancy so that suitable treatments could be given, especially for a woman belonging to less educated and low income family in rural areas of India.
Education has its impact on the social , economical and health development of a nation especially female education as it bounds the next generation to be educated. Educated women are known to be more aware to take reproductive and healthcare decisions. This study is a critical review of literature which includes different variables that get affected by female literacy. In the last section of the study discussion is made for further research point of view.
Female education has its impact on social as well as health development of a nation. It is known that informed reproductive and health care decisions are taken by educated women. In this paper a comparison regarding female literacy and fertility is made between rural and urban areas of India and Rajasthan, considering fertility indicators e.g. total fertility rate and age specific fertility rate with various education levels; illiterate ,literate, and graduate and above. In the beneath discussion is made. Discussion Study reveals a decrease in fertility rate as education level is increased in India as well as in Rajasthan. As far as we concerned rural and urban area of these two geographical locations,in ruralIndia total fertility rate is found more in illiterate women, whereas in reference of Rajasthan,urban and rural areas have same scenario. There is a need to use literacy as a tool of controlling fertility rates.
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. It is the second most common cancer among Indian women. This study is a critical review of literature which includes different aspects viz. socio-economic and demographic factors,use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy and knowledge attitude and practice of breast self examination. In the last section of the study discussion is made for further research point of view.
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in female in the world. It is the second most common cancer among Indian women. Study critically reviews the literature which includes the factors that influence BC viz. life style and dietary factors. Under the head lifestyle, studies emphasizing on stress, obesity, physical activity, smoking and alcohol etc. are considered. In the next section, studies dealing with consumption of olive oil, dairy products, vegetables, fruits and meat are entertained. In the beneath, discussion is made in the light of present Indian Scenario.
