We compute the tree-level current for triple soft-gluon emission from both massless and massive hard partons. The three-gluon current is expressed in terms of the maximally non-Abelian irreducible correlations. We compute the soft behaviour of squared amplitudes and the colour correlations produced by the squared current. The radiation of one and two soft gluons leads to colour dipole correlations. Triple soft-gluon radiation produces, in addition, colour quadrupole correlations between the hard partons. We examine the soft and collinear singularities of the squared current in various energy-ordered and angular-ordered regions. Considering triple soft-gluon radiation from three hard partons, colour quadrupole interactions break the Casimir scaling symmetry between quarks and gluons. We also present some results on the radiation of four soft gluons from two hard partons, and we discuss the colour monster contribution and its relation with the violation (and generalization) of Casimir scaling. We also compute the first correction of (1/N-c(2)) to the eikonal formula for multiple soft-gluon radiation with strong energy ordering from two hard gluons. Finally, we compute also the tree-level current and its squared modulus for emission of soft quark-antiquark-gluon states.

By utilizing quantum optics techniques, we examine the characteristics of a quantum gravitational wave (GW) signature at interferometers. In particular, we study the problem by analyzing the equations of motion of a GW interacting with an idealized interferometer. Using this method, we reconstruct the classical GW signal from a representation of the quantum version of an almost classical monochromatic wave (a single-mode coherent state), then we discuss the experimental signatures of some specific, more general quantum states. We calculate the observables that could be used at future interferometers to probe possible quantum states carried by the GWs.

This paper provides a complete assessment of the research activities and the results achieved by the RESTORE project (smaRt accESs TO digital heRitage and mEmory), started in June 2020 and recently ended. The project consortium, coordinated by the Istituto Opera del Vocabolario Italiano - National Research Council of Italy (OVI-CNR), included the State Archives and the Museum of Palazzo Pretorio in Prato, the Archival and Bibliographic Superintendency of Tuscany as well as the SPACE SpA software company. The project - co-financed by the Region of Tuscany - had as its main purpose the recovery, integration and accessibility of data and digital objects produced in the last twenty years by its partners, in order to build a knowledge base gathering information on the history of the city and of its institutions, on the development of its economic and entrepreneurial system, and on the role of women in the development of a welfare state and network, starting from the figure of the merchant Francesco di Marco Datini, his family and his entourage. Different aspects of the RESTORE project, including data mapping and modelling, have already been presented in previous IRCDL editions; this paper will focus on the latest updates related to the RESTORE platform final release, focusing on the services offered to support research in heritage science and humanities.

We consider the radiation of a soft gluon (g) and a soft quark–antiquark ( qq̅ ) pair in QCD hard scattering. In the soft limit the scattering amplitude has a singular behaviour that is factorized and controlled by a soft current, which has a process-independent structure in colour space. We evaluate the soft gqq̅ current at the tree level for an arbitrary multiparton scattering process. The irreducible correlation component of the current includes strictly non-abelian terms and also terms with an abelian character. Analogous abelian correlations appear for soft photon–lepton–antilepton emission in QED. The squared current for soft gqq̅ emission produces colour dipole and colour tripole interactions between the hard-scattering partons. The colour tripole interactions are odd under charge conjugation and lead to charge asymmetry effects. We consider the specific applications to processes with two and three hard partons, and we discuss the structure of the corresponding charge asymmetry contributions. We also generalize our QCD results to the cases of QED and mixed QCD × QED radiative corrections.

The effective quantum field theory description of gravity, despite its non-renormalizability, allows for predictions beyond classical general relativity. As we enter the age of gravitational wave astronomy, an important and timely question is whether measurable quantum predictions that depart from classical gravity, analogous to quantum optics effects which cannot be explained by classical electrodynamics, can be found. In this work, we investigate quantum signatures in gravitational waves using tools from quantum optics. Squeezed-coherent gravitational waves, which can exhibit sub-Poissonian graviton statistics, can enhance or suppress the signal measured by an interferometer, a characteristic effect of quantum squeezing. Moreover, we show that Gaussian gravitational wave quantum states can be reconstructed from measurements over an ensemble of optical fields interacting with a single copy of the gravitational wave, thus opening the possibility of detecting quantum features of gravity beyond classical general relativity.

The RESTORE project (smaRt accESs TO digital heRitage and mEmory) started in June 2020 with a duration of 2 years. The project consortium, coordinated by the Istituto Opera del Vocabolario Italiano of the Italian CNR (National Research Council of Italy), includes national Cultural Heritage institutes, such as the State Archives and the Museum of Palazzo Pretorio in Prato and the Archival and Bibliographic Superintendency of Tuscany, and the SPACE SpA software company. The project - co-financed by the Regione Toscana - has its main purpose in the recovery, integration and accessibility of data and digital objects collected by partner, in order to build a knowledge base made of information regarding the history of the city and of its civic institutions, the development of its economic and entrepreneurial system, the role of women in the development of a welfare state and network. Starting a local history approach, it is nonetheless possible to broaden the focus from the local dimension to reconstruct a significant part of the history of European and Mediterranean cities of the 14th century, including commercial and economical aspects. This paper presents a focused overview on the mapping and modeling of archival and museum digital resources encoded with different standards, such as XML-EAD, XML-EAC, XML-TEI and ICCD-OA, and covered in the CIDOC-Conceptual Reference Model, the ontology that was chosen as “common language” for semantic data integration. The long term sustainability for the project’s results will be fostered by the collaboration with key players in the EU RIs environment, such as DARIAH-ERIC (ESFRI Landmark for the Humanities and Social Sciences) and E-RIHS (ESFRI project for the Heritage Science), as well as other actors within the EOSC Framework.

The RESTORE project (smaRt accESs TO digital heRitage and mEmory) started in June 2020 with a duration of 2 years. The project consortium, coordinated by the Istituto Opera del Vocabolario Italiano - CNR (National Research Council of Italy), includes the State Archives and the Museum of Palazzo Pretorio in Prato, the Archival and Bibliographic Superintendency of Tuscany as well as the SPACE SpA company. The project - co-financed by the Region of Tuscany - has as its main purpose the recovery, integration and accessibility of data and digital objects produced in the last twenty years by its partners, in order to build a knowledge base with information on the history of the city and of its institutions, on the development of its economic and entrepreneurial system, and on the role of women in the development of a welfare state and network. Starting from the figure of the merchant Francesco di Marco Datini, his family and his entourage, and broadening the focus from the local dimension it will be possible to reconstruct a significant part of the history of European and Mediterranean cities of the 14th century, including commercial and economical aspects. This paper presents a focused overview on the mapping of the archival and museum digital resources provided by the partners (encoded with different standards, such as: EAD, EAC-CPF, TEI, ICCD etc.) to the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, the ontology chosen within the RESTORE project as the “common language” for semantic data integration. The landscape for the scientific and infrastructural development of the project’s activities consists in the collaboration (via the CNR- OVI) with some key players in the EU RIs environment, such as DARIAH-ERIC (ESFRI Landmark for the Humanities and Social Sciences) and E-RIHS (ESFRI project for the Heritage Science), as well as other actors within the EOSC Framework.

A theoretical framework for the quantization of gravity has been an elusive Holy Grail since the birth of quantum theory and general relativity. While generations of scientists have attempted to find solutions to this deep riddle, an alternative path built upon the idea that experimental evidence could determine whether gravity is quantized has been decades in the making. The possibility of an experimental answer to the question of the quantization of gravity is of renewed interest in the era of gravitational wave detectors. We review and investigate an important subset of phenomenological quantum gravity, detecting quantum signatures of weak gravitational fields in table-top experiments and interferometers.

Di-lepton searches for Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) Z′ bosons that rely on the analysis of the Breit-Wigner (BW) line shape are appropriate in the case of narrow resonances, but likely not sufficient in scenarios featuring Z′ states with large widths. Conversely, alternative experimental strategies applicable to wide Z′ resonances are much more dependent than the default bump search analyses on the modelling of QCD higher-order corrections to the production processes, for both signal and background. For heavy Z′ boson searches in the di-lepton channel at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the transverse momentum qT of the di-lepton system peaks at qT≲10−2Mll, where Mll is the di-lepton invariant mass. We exploit this to treat the QCD corrections by using the logarithmic resummation methods in Mll/qT to all orders in the strong coupling constant αs. We carry out studies of Z′ states with large width at the LHC by employing the program reSolve, which performs QCD transverse momentum resummation up to Next-to-Next-to-Leading Logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy. We consider two benchmark BSM scenarios, based on the Sequential Standard Model (SSM) and dubbed ‘SSM wide’ and ‘SSM enhanced’. We present results for the shape and size of Z′ boson signals at the differential level, mapped in both cross section (σ) and Forward-Backward Asymmetry (AFB), and perform numerical investigations of the experimental sensitivity at the LHC Run 3 and High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).

In this note, we introduce the new tool reSolve, a Monte Carlo differential cross-section and parton-level event generator whose main purpose is to add transverse momentum resummation to a general class of inclusive processes at hadron colliders, namely all those which do not involve hadrons or jets in the measured final state. This documentation refers to the first main version release, which will form the basis for continued developments, consequently it only implements the key features of those we plan to ultimately include. This article acts as a manual for the program; describing in detail its use, structure, validation and results; whilst also highlighting key aspects of the resummation formalism applied. It details the two classes of processes so far included; these are diphoton production and Drell-Yan production. A main concept behind the development of the tool is that it is a hands-on white box for the user: significant effort has been made to give the program a modular structure, making the various parts which comprise it independent of each other as much as possible and ensuring they are transparently documented, customizable and, in principle, replaceable with something that may better serve the users needs. reSolve is a new C++ program, based on an evolution of the private Fortran code 2gres, previously used for the calculations in refs. [1] and [2]; it is also influenced by the DYRes Fortran code of refs. [3] and [4]. This initial version calculates the low transverse momentum contribution to the fully differential cross-section for two main categories of processes; the inclusive production of two photons, and inclusive Drell-Yan production. In all cases resummation up to Next-to-Next-to-Leading Logarithm (NNLL) is included. We aim to extend the program to several more processes in the near future. The program is publicly available on Github.

E. Accomando, ∗ F. Coradeschi, † T. Cridge, ‡ J. Fiaschi, § F. Hautmann, 6, 7, 8, ¶ S. Moretti, ∗∗ C. Shepherd-Themistocleous, †† and C. Voisey ‡‡ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK DAMTP, CMS, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Münster, D 48149 Münster, Germany Elementaire Deeltjes Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, B 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium Theoretical Physics Department, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK UPV/EHU University of the Basque Country, Bilbao 48080 CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, CH 1211 Geneva, Switzerland Particle Physics Department, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,

We present an upgraded calculation of the effects of resonance-continuum interference for the Higgs boson decaying to two photons at the Large Hadron Collider, at next-to-leading order in the strong coupling $α_S$, $O(α_S^3)$, and including transverse-momentum ($q_T$) resummation at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. We study the importance of the interference contribution in different transverse-momentum regions, with a particular focus on the low $q_T$ region $q_T^2 << Q^2$ (with $Q^2$ being the invariant diphoton mass) where resummation becomes essential for a reliable calculation.

We derive the limiting form of graviton radiation in gravitational scattering at trans-Planckian energies (E >> M-P) and small deflection angles. We show that-owing to the graviton's spin 2-such a limiting form unifies the soft and Regge regimes of emission, by covering a broad angular range, from forward fragmentation to the deeply central region. The single-exchange emission amplitudes have a nice expression in terms of the transformation phases of helicity amplitudes under rotations. As a result, the multiple-exchange emission amplitudes can be resummed via an impact parameter b-space factorization theorem that takes into account all coherence effects. We then see the emergence of an energy spectrum of the emitted radiation which, being tuned on (h) over bar /R similar to M-P(2)/E << M-P, is reminiscent of Hawking's radiation. Such a spectrum is much softer than the one naively expected for increasing input energies and neatly solves a potential energy crisis. Furthermore, by including rescattering corrections in the (quantum) factorization formula, we are able to recover the classical limit and find the corresponding quantum corrections. Perspectives for the extrapolation of such limiting radiation towards the classical collapse regime (where b is of the order of the gravitational radius R) are also discussed.

We compute the interference between the resonant process pp -> H(->gamma gamma) + 2 jets and the corresponding continuum background at leading order in QCD. For the Higgs signal, we include gluon fusion (GF) and vector boson fusion (VBF) production channels, while for the background we consider all tree-level contributions, including pure EW effects (O(alpha(4)(QED))) and QCD contributions (O(alpha(2)(QED)alpha(2)(s))), plus the loop-induced gluon-initiated process. After convolution with the experimental mass resolution, the main effect of the interference is to shift the position of the mass peak, as in the inclusive GF case studied previously. The apparent mass shift is small in magnitude but strongly dependent on the Higgs width, potentially allowing for a measurement of, or bound on, the width itself. In the H(->gamma gamma) + 2 jets channel, the VBF and GF contributions generate shifts of opposite signs which largely cancel, depending on the sets of cuts used, to as little as 5 MeV (toward a lower Higgs mass). The small magnitude of the shift makes this channel a good reference mass for measuring the inclusive mass shift of around 60 MeV in the Standard Model.

We compute the interference between the resonant process pp→H(→γγ)+2 jets and the corresponding continuum background at leading order. For the Higgs signal, we include gluon fusion and vector boson fusion production channels, while for the background we consider all tree-level contributions, including pure EW effects (O(αQED)4) and QCD contributions (O(αQED2αs2)). The main effect of the interference is a shift in the peak position of the resonance, which is small in magnitude but strongly dependent on the Higgs width, potentially allowing for a measurement or constraint of the width itself.

We consider the transverse-momentum (q T ) distribution of a diphoton pair produced in hadron collisions. At small values of q T , we resum the logarithmically-enhanced perturbative QCD contributions up to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. At intermediate and large values of q T , we consistently combine resummation with the known next-to-leading order perturbative result. All perturbative terms up to order α S 2 are included in our computation which, after integration over q T , reproduces the known next- to-next-to-leading order result for the diphoton pair production total cross section. We present a comparison with LHC data and an estimate of the perturbative accuracy of the theoretical calculation by performing the corresponding variation of scales. In general we observe that the effect of the resummation is not only to recover the predictivity of the calculation at small transverse momentum, but also to improve substantially the agreement with the experimental data.

After a rediscussion of the vanishing theorems for helicity amplitudes in unbroken gauge theories, we study the case of spontaneously broken gauge theories at high energy. The vanishing theorems generalize to a definite pattern of m/E-suppression of the amplitudes that vanish in the massless case, where E is the energy scale of the process and m is the mass of the gauge vectors. We use only elementary arguments, and as an application we show how these methods can be employed to understand some aspects of the effective W approximation in the polarized case.

Goldstone's theorem does not apply straightforwardly to the case of spontaneously broken scale invariance. We elucidate under what conditions a light scalar degree of freedom, identifiable with the dilaton, can naturally arise. Our construction can be considered an explicit dynamical solution to the cosmological constant problem in the scalar version of gravity.

A variety of Standard Model extensions, such as grand unified models, strings and branes, models of extra dimensions and models utilising alternative schemes of electro-weak symmetry breaking, usually as an unbroken remnant of a larger gauge symmetry, include extra gauge bosons. Current limits from direct searches at the LHC constrain their mass above ∼1.1 1.7 TeV, depending on their couplings [1, 2]. The LHC is expected to explore the region of mass up to several TeV. In this study, we discuss the sensitivity of a high-energy e+e− collider to different models, containing extra neutral Z ′ bosons, away from its centre-of-mass energy, √ s . First, we briefly comment on the sensitivity to states at masses below √ s with an “auto-scan” technique, which makes use of the luminosity spectrum tail due to radiation. Then, we analyse electro-weak precision observables in e−e+ → ff processes for two reference models with MZ′ > √ s. The first model is the so-called “minimal Z ′” [3, 4], where new physics is at a very high energy scale and manifests itself at the TeV scale through a single Z ′ boson. In the second model [5], the Higgs field and other fields, including three Z ′s, are realised as composite states from a strong interaction at the TeV scale. In the following we refer to this as the Effective Composite Higgs Model (ECHM). These two models depict different physical situations and each represents one of the simplest realisations of the corresponding scenario, so they are well-suited to be used to test the collider sensitivity.