INTRODUCTION:Neurosecretory cells of insects synthesize Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH). Previous studies indicated that AKH improves memory functions. This study aimed to explore the effects of AKH on learning and memory in an Alzheimer's disease model. METHODS:Morris Water Maze (MWM), Passive Avoidance (PA), and Modified Elevated Plus Maze (mEPM) tests were conducted in BALB/c mice. Initially, each group consisted of 8 to 9 animals; in total, 120 animals were used in this study. The groups included control, Ani-AKH (1 and 2 mg/kg), Lia-AKH (1 and 2 mg/kg), Pht-HrTH (1 and 2 mg/kg), Scopolamine (1 mg/kg), and Scopolamine combinations. Hormones were given for 6 days in the MWM test to evaluate learning and memory before the second trial in the PA test for memory assessment and after the first trial in the mEPM test to examine consolidation. RESULTS:In the MWM test, Ani-AKH and Pht-HrTH reduced escape latency compared to the scopolamine group (p<0.05). During the probe trial, Ani-AKH increased time in the escape platform quadrant (p<0.5) and reversed scopolamine's effects (p<0.001). Lia-AKH and Pht-HrTh did not affect time in the quadrant but reversed scopolamine's effects (p<0.01). In the PA test, Ani- AKH reversed scopolamine's effects (p<0.5), while Lia-AKH did so in the mEPM test (p<0.01). The control group showed strong muscarinic receptor staining, while the scopolamine group did not. Ani-AKH and Lia-AKH showed moderate to strong receptor staining, indicating partial restoration. DISCUSSION:AKH and its analogs may enhance memory function by modulating cholinergic pathways, particularly through the partial restoration of muscarinic receptor activity. These results underscore their potential as investigational therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cognitive decline. CONCLUSION:Our study indicates that AKH may help reduce memory impairments, though the effects depend on the specific assessment methods used in the tests.

Amaç: Önceki çalışmalarımızda adipokinetik hormonun (AKH) farelerde antidepresan, anksiyolitik, analjezik etkilerini, nörotrofik faktörleri ve nörojenezi artırdığını gösterdik. Önceki çalışmamızda, AKH’nun sıçanlara intraperitoneal uygulanmasından sonra diğer çalışmalarla desteklendiği şekilde piroglutamil peptidleri içeren AKH metabolitlerinin kan-beyin bariyerini geçtiğini hipotez ettik. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, iki piroglutamil peptidin öğrenme-bellek üzerine etkisini modifiye yükseltilmiş artı labirent testinde (mYAL) ve pasif sakınma testinde hem naif farelerde hem de skopolaminle indüklenen bellek bozukluğu üzerine etkisini incelemeyi amaçladık. Skopolamin (1 mg/kg) ile piroglutamil peptid olarak piroglutamik asid-valin (pGlu-Val; 10 ve 20 mg/kg), piroglutamik asid-lösin (pGlu-Leu; 10 ve 20 mg/kg) kullandık. Bulgular: mYAL testinde dipeptidlerin naif farelerde geçiş süresi-2 üzerine anlamlı etkisi yoktu. Skopolamin kısmi olarak ikinci denemede geçiş süresi-2’yi artırırken, bu etki pGlu-Leu (10 ve 20 mg/kg; p

Aims: Antipsychotic drugs are known to be commonly associated with sexual dysfunction. The aim of this study to investigate the effects of sertindole, asenapine and ziprasidone on serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions of the isolated vas deferens in mice. Study design: All the drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 0.1 ml per 10 g body weight of mice. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Kocaeli University, Animal Research Center, between May 2018 and August 2019. Methodology: The mice were randomly divided into groups (n=7) as follows: saline; sertindole 1.3 mg/kg; sertindole 2.5 mg/kg; asenapine 0.05 mg/kg; asenapine 0.075 mg/kg; ziprasidone 1 mg/kg; ziprasidone 2 mg/kg once daily for 21 days. Mice receiving only the vehicle (0.9% saline, i.p.) served as control group. After 21 days of treatment, the effects of drugs were investigated on 5-HT, NA, ATP and KCl-induced contractions of isolated vas deferens. Results: The results showed that serotonin-induced contractions of vas deferens were affected by the chronic treatments of sertindole, asenapine and ziprasidone, however these drugs had no significant effect on NA, ATP, and KCl-induced contractions of mice vas deferens. Conclusion: Serotonergic receptors may contribute to changes in vas deferens contractions in mice with chronic treatment of sertindole, asenapine and ziprasidone. Thus, our results may explain one of the causes of sexual dysfunction of sertindole, asenapine and ziprasidone.

Objective: Erectile dysfunction is a usual side effect of antipsychotic medications; this causes patients to avoid using drugs. The aim of this study to investigate the effects of iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine on serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium chloride (KCl)-induced contractions of the vas deferens in mice.Materials and Methods: The mice were randomly divided into experimental groups and treated by ip injection of drugs for 21 days. After the treatment, the effects of drugs were investigated on 5-HT, ATP, NA and KCl-induced contractile responses in the epididymal and prostatic portions of mice vas deferens strips. Results: 5-HT-induced contractile responses were significantly increased while ATP-induced contractile responses were significantly decreased in the both portions of the vas deferens obtained from the iloperidone, paliperidone and loxapine-treated groups. However, these drugs had no significant effect on NA- and KCl-induced contractions of mice vas deferens. Conclusion: These results showed that serotonin and ATP-induced contractions of vas deferens were affected by the chronic treatments of iloperidone, paliperidone, and loxapine. In mice chronically treated with these drugs, serotonergic and purinergic receptors may contribute to changes in vas deferens contractions that cause erectile dysfunction.

Objective: The bladder normally shows no contractility or activity during the filling phase. In the overactive urinary bladder, spontaneous contractions and detrusor instability are seen in the filling phase and urinary incontinence occurs. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol and second-generation antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine on mice isolated bladder using the organ bath system. Materials and Methods: 63 male inbred mice were divided as saline, haloperidol 0.125 mg/kg, haloperidol 0.25 mg/kg, olanzapine 1 mg/kg, olanzapine 2 mg/kg, risperidone 0.25 mg/kg, risperidone 0.5 mg/kg, clozapine 1.25 mg/kg and clozapine 2.5 mg/kg groups. Mice were treated with drugs for 21 days. Then, the effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions relaxed by isoproterenol and papaverine in mice detrusor strips obtained from olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine treated groups. There were no significant differences in KCl-induced contractile responses among the groups.Conclusion: Olanzapine, risperidone, and clozapine increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor muscle that increased the bladder capacity. These drugs might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive urinary bladder in patients that should use antipsychotic drugs.

Öz: Amaçlar: Antipsikotik ilaçların yaygın olarak cinsel işlev bozukluğu ile ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak atipik antipsikotik ilaçların bu etkilerine ilişkin çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fare vas deferensinin serotonin (5-HT), noradrenalin (NA), adenozin trifosfat (ATP) ve potasyum klorür (KCl) ile indüklenen kasılmaları üzerine siyamemazin, blonanserin ve nemonaprid'in etkilerini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada erkek kendi içinde yetiştirilmiş fareler kullanılmıştır. Fareler rastgele deney gruplarına (n=7) şu şekilde ayrıldı: salin; siyamemazin 0,25 mg/kg; siyamemazin 0,50 mg/kg; blonanserin 0,5 mg / kg; blonanserin 1 mg/kg; nemonaprid 0,5 mg / kg; nemonaprid 1 mg / kg. Farelere, 21 gün boyunca ilaçlar intraperitoneal olarak uygulandı. 21 gün boyunca %0.9 salin alan fareler kontrol grubunu oluşturdu. 21 günlük tedaviden sonra, ilaçların etkileri, fare vas deferensinin epididimal ve prostatik bölümlerine 5-HT, NA, ATP ve KCl'nin neden olduğu kasılma tepkileri araştırıldı. Bulgular: Siyamemazin ve blonanserin ile tedavi edilen fare vas deferenslerinin hem epididimal ve hem de prostatik kısımlarında, 5-HT ile indüklenen kasılma tepkileri anlamlı bir şekilde arttı. Ayrıca, siyamemazin, blonanserin ve nemonaprid uygulanan fare vas deferenslerinin prostatik ve epididimal kısımları; NA, ATP, KCl ile indüklenen kasılmaları önemli ölçüde değiştirmedi. Sonuçlar: Bu sonuçlar, vas deferens'in serotonin kaynaklı kasılmalarının, kronik siyamemazin ve blonanserin tedavilerinden etkilendiğini, ancak nemonapridden etkilenmediğini gösterdi. Ancak bu ilaçların NA, ATP ve KCl ile indüklenen kasılmalar üzerinde önemli bir etkisi yoktu. Serotonerjik reseptörler, kronik ciamemazin ve blonanserin tedavisi gören farelerde vas deferens kasılmalarındaki değişikliklere katkıda bulunabilir. Bu nedenle, sonuçlarımız, siyamemazin ve blonanserin'in neden olduğu cinsel işlev bozukluğunun nedenlerinden birini açıklayabilir.

Objective: Insect Adipokinetic Hormones (AKH) play role in sugar and lipid mobilization and support the production of energy for the flight and movement of insects. In our previous studies, we showed that AKH had antidepressant, anxiolytic, and analgesic effects in mice and increased neurotrophic factors and neurogenesis in mice, and had beneficial effects in olfactory bulbectomy and posttraumatic stress disorder rat models. In our previous study, we hypothesized that metabolites of AKH, including pyroglutamic acid and pyroglutamyl peptides, pass the blood-brain barrier after intraperitoneal administration of AKH in rats, which is supported by other studies. Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of three pyroglutamyl peptides on depression, anxiety, and analgesia in the Forced Swimming Test (FST), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, and hot plate test in mice. We used L-pyroglutamic acid (pGlu; 50 mg/kg), pyroglutamic acid-valine (pGlu-Val; 10 mg/kg), pyroglutamic acid-leucine (pGlu-Leu; 10 mg/ kg) and pyroglutamic acid-valine-aspartate-phenylalanine (pGlu-Val-Asp-Phe; 10 mg/kg) as pyroglutamyl peptides. Results: In FST, all the peptides decreased immobility time, showing that these peptides had antidepressant-like effects. In the EPM test, none of the peptides had a significant effect, but tetrapeptide partially increased both % time spent in the open arm and % entry into the open arm. In the hot plate test, both dipeptides significantly increased latency of licking the arm showing that these dipeptides had analgesic effects. In the open field test, none of the studied peptides altered the total number of crossings compared to the control treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that pyroglutamyl peptides had preclinical beneficial effects on animal behavior in mice.

Objective: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, cyamemazine, and nemonapride are atypical antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia. This study aimed to identify the effects of these atypical antipsychotic drugs in mice isolated bladder using the organ bath systemMaterials and Methods: The mice were injected intraperitoneally with drugs for 21 days. The effects of drugs were investigated on isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of carbachol-induced contractions in isolated detrusor strips. The detrusor strips were stimulated with KCl, then tissues were washed for a further 30 min and precontracted with a submaximal concentration of carbachol. After the contraction reached a plateau, cumulative concentration-response curves to isoproterenol were obtained.Results: We showed that carbachol-induced contractions dose-dependently relaxed by isoproterenol in mice detrusor strips obtained from ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride treated group. However, none of the drug treatments had any effect KCl responses of mice's bladder.Conclusion: Ziprasidone, aripiprazole, blonanserin, and cyamemazine but not nemonapride increased the isoproterenol-induced relaxations of the detrusor smooth muscle indicates that it can increase the bladder capacity. We demonstrate that four drugs may represent a potential treatment for overactive bladder. They might be clinically useful for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients that should use antipsychotics.

SARS-CoV-2 virüsü Aralık 2019’da ortaya çıkmış ve başlangıçta Çin, Japonya ve Güney Kore olmak üzere tüm dünyada hızlıca yayılmıştır. Bilim insanları virüse spesifik antiviral bulmak için çabalamaktadır. Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) tedavisinde hidroksiklorokin, azitromisin, favipiravir, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir gibi ilaçlar denenmektedir. Dünyada bu ilaçlar halen klinik çalışmalardan geçmektedir, bazı umut veren sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu makalede SARS-CoV-2’ye karşı güçlü etkinliği olan ilaçlar özetlenmektedir.

SARS-CoV-2 virus appeared in December 2019 and at the beginning spread in China, Japan, and South Korea, then all around the world Scientists are trying to find specific antiviral to the virus Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, favipiravir, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir tried to be used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) These drugs are still in clinical trials in the world and there are some promising results Drugs having efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 are summarised in this article

Objective: Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) plays a role in sugar and lipid metabolism in insects. Previous studies of AKH showed memory improvements in a schizophrenia rat model that displayed memory impairment and reduced depression in a rat olfactory bulbectomy model. In this study, we investigated the effects of the adipokinetic hormone/red pigment-concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family of peptides on brain neurotransmitter levels and brain neurochemistry in a schizophrenia rat model. Materials and Methods: We administered AKH/RPCH peptides for 4 days sub-chronically, both in naive rats and also in the MK-801-induced schizophrenia rat model. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus was used for targeted and untargeted analysis of rat neurochemistry. Results: Increased brain glutamate levels characteristic of MK-801 peptide-treated rats were significantly reduced by AKH. Furthermore, AKH also increased brain dopamine levels in both naive and MK-801 rats. Metabolomic studies have shown that AKH affects lipid and glutamate metabolism, while hypertrehalosaemic hormone plays a role in sugar metabolism and inflammation. Conclusion: According to our results, AKH might affect dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and reverse the effects of MK-801, possibly affecting NMDA receptors.

Objective: One of the most important problems of schizophrenic patients is the impairment of cognitive functions. Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of haloperidol, asenapine and paliperidone on spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM) and radial arm maze (RAM) tests; moreover the effects of haloperidol, asenapine, and paliperidone on MK-801 induced cognitive dysfunction were also evaluated in mice. Results: Both asenapine (0.05 mg/kg) and paliperidone reversed MK-801 induced increment in escape latency in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th acquisition sessions while haloperidol failed to reverse MK-801 induced this effect. Time spent in escape platform's quadrant significantly decreased while the mean distance to platform significantly increased in MK-801 group in the probe trial of MWM test and administration of asenapine and paliperidone significantly reversed MK-801 induced these effects while haloperidol had no effect. MK-801 significantly increased the speed of the animals in probe trial of the MWM test while both asenapine and paliperidone reversed this effect. In the RAM test, MK-801 significantly increased the number of errors in the retention trial and haloperidol failed to reverse this effect. Both asenapine (0.075 mg/kg) and paliperidone reversed MK-801-induced increment in a number of errors and improved MK-801 induced prolongation in latency. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that MK-801 exerted spatial memory impairment in MWM and RAM tests; haloperidol failed to improve MK-801 induced memory deterioration in mice. Moreover both asenapine and paliperidone improved MK-801 induced spatial learning and memory impairment in the MWM and RAM tests.

Objective: Many processes in insects, including metabolic, behavioral, developmental, and reproductive processes, are altered by neuropeptides. Adipokinetic hormone/red pigment-concentrating hormone (AKH/RPCH) family of peptides include adipokinetic and hypertrehalosemic peptides. Methods: The present study investigated the effects of Anax imperator AKH (Ani-AKH), Libellula auripennis AKH (Lia-AKH), Phormia terraenovae hypertrehalosemic hormone (Pht-HrTH) and oxytocin on uterine contractility in human uterus strips. Contraction formed by Ani-AKH, Lia-AKH, Pht-HrTH and oxytocin were obtained from percentages of the maximal contraction of KCl (80 mM). Results: No difference detected between contractions of Ani-AKH, Lia-AKH, or Pht-HrTH and oxytocin at doses of 10-8 M in human uterus strips. Lia-AKH (10-7-10-4 M) significantly increased uterine contractions compared to oxytocin (10-7-10-4 M) in human uterus strips. Both Ani-AKH (10-4 M) and Lia-AKH (10-4 M) significantly increased uterine contractions compared to oxytocin (10-4 M) in human uterus strips. Conclusion: These results show that the AKHs examined can be used to induce human uterine contraction.

10th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & 6th International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology[Abstract:0110] [Addiction]Cessation of cigarette smoking in adolescents: s...

Objective: Several classes of prescription drugs contribute to the sexual dysfunction in men that have been found especially in the antipsychotic drugs. Varieties of mechanisms are likely to contribute to the antipsychotic-related sexual dysfunction including hyperprolactinemia and antagonism of some neurotransmitter receptors. Implications for future research, atypical antipsychotics should be strongly taken into account. Material and Method: Male mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection (IP injection) of drugs for 21 days. The effects of saline, quetiapine, olanzapine, and risperidone were investigated on serotonin, noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and potassium chloride (KCl) which induced contractions of the vas deferens. Results: Serotonin-induced contractile responses were significantly increased in the epididymal and prostatic portion of the vas deferens obtained from the risperidone-treated group. The E-max value for serotonin was significantly higher in prostatic and epididymal portions of the mice vas deferens obtained from the risperidone-treated group than the control group. However, olanzapine and quetiapine treatment had no effect on serotonin responses in both epididymal and prostatic portions of the mice vas deferens. The risperidone treatment significantly inhibited both noradrenaline and ATP-induced contractions of the prostatic and epididymal portions of the mice vas deferens. There were no significant differences in KCl-induced contractile responses among the groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that only risperidone could impair sexual competence in the male mice. Serotonergic, noradrenergic and purinergic receptors may contribute to the changes in vas deferens contractions in mice with chronic treatment of risperidone but not olanzapine and quetiapine. This study will help clinicians make a purpose-oriented choice of which antipsychotic drug to use.

Schizophrenia, an important brain neurodevelopmental disorder, is observed in 1% of the global population. New-generation antipsychotics have been developed as alternatives to typical antipsychotics for more effective and safe therapy. Chronic administration of asenapine and paliperidone compared to haloperidol on depression, anxiety and analgesy in the forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM) and hot plate tests were examined in mice. Moreover effects of drugs, on expression levels of brain neurotrophic factors [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB),nerve growth factor (NGF), synapsin and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)] in the hippocampus of mice, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, and blood enzyme levels were also investigated. In FST, haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg) significantly increased immobility time while both asenapine (0.075 mg/kg) and paliperidone (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) significantly diminished this parameter. In EPM test, haloperidol significantly increased both % time spent in open arms and % open arm entries. Asenapine (0.075 mg/kg) and paliperidone (0.50 mg/kg) significantly increased % time spent in the open arms. They also increased % open arm entries, but this parameter failed to reach a statistically significant value. In hot plate test, haloperidol (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) and paliperidone (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency to lick the hind paws but asenapine had no effect. Asenapine and paliperidone upregulated more neurotrophic factors in the brain and caused less neurodegeneration compared to haloperidol. Investigated drugs had no effect on liver enzymes and plasma glucose levels. Asenapine and paliperidone may be preferred over classical antipsychotics since they have antidepressant-like effect, upregulate more neurotrophic factors and cause less neurodegeneration in naive mice without having diabetogenic and liver damaging effects. Paliperidone seems to possess superior effects compared to asenapine since it also exerts analgesic-like effect.

Bu çalışmada, farelerde desipramin, venlafaksin ve bupropiyonun depresyon ve anksiyete üzerine etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Klasik trisiklik antidepresan, desipramin, serotonin-norepinefrin geri alım inhibitörü venlafaksin ve ikinci jenerasyon antidepresan bir ajan olan noradrenalin ve dopamin gerialım inhibitörü bupropion kullandık. Imipramin (30 mg/kg), desipramin (7,5 mg/kg ve 15 mg/kg), venlafaksin (4 mg/kg ve 8 mg/kg) ve bupropion (20 mg/kg ve 40 mg/kg) FST'de hareketsizlik zamanını önemli ölçüde doza bağlı bir şekilde azalttı. Ayrıca bupropion (40 mg/kg) da imipramine göre anlamlı derecede etkiliydi. Diazepam (2 mg/kg), desipramin (7.5 mg/kg ve 15 mg/kg), venlafaksin (4 mg/kg ve 8 mg/kg) ve bupropion (20 mg/kg ve 40 mg/kg) EPM'de açık kollarda kalış süresini önemli ölçüde doza bağlı arttırdı. Diazepam (2 mg / kg), desipramin (7,5 mg/kg ve 15 mg/kg), venlafaksin (8 mg/kg) ve bupropion (20 mg/kg ve 40 mg/kg) açık kola giriş sayısını da artırdı. Ayrıca bupropion (40 mg/kg) diazepamdan anlamlı derecede daha etkiliydi. Desipramin, venlafaksin ve bupropion (20 mg/kg), imipraminin etkilerinden önemli ölçüde farklı olmayan antidepresan benzeri etkilere neden olmuştur. Bunun yanında bupropion (40 mg/kg) antidepresan benzeri etki göstermiştir ve bu etkiler imipraminden daha güçlüdür. Benzer şekilde, desipramin, venlafaksin ve bupropion (20 mg/kg), diazepamın etkilerinden önemli ölçüde farklı olmayan anlamlı anksiyolitik benzeri etkiler göstermişlerdir. Ayrıca bupropion (40 mg / kg) anlamlı anksiyolitik benzeri etkiler göstermiş ve bu etkiler diazepamdan daha güçlüdür.

Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in schizophrenic patients and the administration of antipsychotic treatments results in different outcomes. Although the typical antipsychotic treatments, such as haloperidol, appear to be unable to improve cognition dysfunction, the atypical antipsychotic drugs (quetiapine, aripiprazole and iloperidone) exert a beneficial effect. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of atypical antipsychotics on olfactory memory in mice, utilizing the social transmission of food preference (STFP) tests to evaluate the effects of drugs on MK-801-induced cognitive dysfunction. Female BALB/c mice were treated with quetiapine (5 and 10 mg/kg), aripiprazole (3 and 6 mg/kg), iloperidone (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) alone or concurrently prior to retention sessions of STFP tests. In the STFP tests, quetiapine (10 mg/kg; P<0.05), aripiprazole (3 and 6 mg/kg; P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), iloperidone (0.5 and 1 mg/kg; P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and MK-801 (P<0.001) significantly decreased cued/total food eaten (%). Quetiapine (5 mg/kg; P<0.05) significantly increased MK-801-induced decreases in cued/total food eaten (%), while aripiprazole and iloperidone demonstrated no significant effects. The results revealed that all of the drugs disturbed olfactory memory in the naive mice; however, only quetiapine reversed MK-801-induced memory impairment in the STFP test.