One of the major challenges of tissue engineering is developing biomaterials that simultaneously promote tissue regeneration and prevent bacterial infections. Bioactive glasses (BGs) have a well-established reputation for inducing angiogenesis and osteogenesis in hard-tissue applications but often exhibit insufficient antibacterial efficacy to prevent biofilm formation under clinically relevant conditions. The incorporation of various therapeutic inorganic ions into BGs has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome this limitation and enhance biological responses, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties. This review systematically categorizes dopants based on their chemical nature, highlighting their specific biological and antimicrobial effects. For each ion, the proposed mechanisms by which they promote bone regeneration, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and antibacterial activity are discussed. Additionally, the review addresses advanced applications of doped and co-doping BGs in theragnostic and theragenerative therapies, including selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, bio-labelling imaging capabilities, photothermal properties, and hemostatic functions. By integrating current findings on doped BG compositions, surface morphologies, and their interactions with immune and bone cells, this review provides a detailed framework for designing next-generation multifunctional BG-based biomaterials. These materials hold significant potential to overcome existing limitations in antibacterial capacity and mechanical properties, thereby advancing clinical outcomes in bone tissue engineering and implantology.

Este trabalho investiga e põe em prática a fabricação de uma membrana de base orgânica para células a combustível de eletrólito polimérico composta de quitosana e álcool polivinílico e dopada com ácido sulfosuccínico para condução protônica, além da realização de testes para avaliar seu desempenho. Como proposta metodológica, as membranas foram elaboradas seguindo uma mistura de diferentes técnicas, envolvendo a dissolução da quitosana e do álcool polivinílico em uma solução de ácido sulfosuccínico e ácido clorídrico, seguido de secagem e reticulação com ácido sulfúrico. Após sua fabricação, foram testadas em um equipamento simples de célula a combustível de hidrogênio e comparadas com uma membrana comercial à base de Nafion®. Os resultados compararam a tensão produzida pela membrana de quitosana com a membrana base de teste e entre variações da mesma membrana, levando à conclusão de que a tensão gerada foi semelhante (cerca de 0,6 volts) e, portanto, reforçando a viabilidade deste composto orgânico de baixo custo como alternativa às membranas disponíveis no mercado.

A novel cadmium(II) complex, [CdCl3(HAEP)H2O]& sdot;H2O (HAEP = 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazinium), was synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a slightly distorted octahedral geometry around the Cd(II) center, stabilized by a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network. DFT calculations indicate high electronic stability and charge-transfer potential. Molecular docking suggests moderate binding affinity to Alzheimer's-related enzymes (AChE, BChE, GR). Impedance spectroscopy reveals non-Debye dielectric relaxation and thermally activated localized conduction regimes associated with the heterogeneous hydrogen-bonded framework formed by protonated HAEP cations, chloride ligands, and coordinated/lattice water molecules. The combined structural, electronic, and in silico analyses highlight the complex's potential in coordination chemistry and bioinorganic applications.

This work reports the reuse of waste glass as a sustainable silica source for the synthesis of mesoporous silica, as an alternative to conventional silica precursors. Silica gel was produced through alkaline dissolution of glass powder using sodium hydroxide and subsequently employed as a precursor for the synthesis of porous silica. The waste-derived glass powder and the synthesized silica-based materials were characterized to assess their structural, morphological, surface, and textural properties. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of all samples, while FTIR spectra indicated successful silica network formation with modifications in bond connectivity. SEM imaging revealed spherical particles with average diameters of approximately 0.19 ± 0.02 µm for silica gel and 0.15 ± 0.03 µm for the mesoporous silica. Zeta potential measurements indicated a negative surface charge and good colloidal stability in aqueous media. Nitrogen sorption analysis revealed that the specific surface area was limited by the low solubility of silica gel in acidic media, which prevents ideal condensation on the surface of surfactant micelles. The results demonstrate that waste glass-derived silica gel is a promising precursor, although the synthesis conditions did not yield a highly ordered mesostructure, highlighting the need for further control of precursor solubility and pH.

The development of bioactive nanomaterials for bone regeneration is gaining increasing attention due to the limitations of conventional grafting methods. In this work, a sustainable route was employed to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanomaterials from tilapia fish bones via calcination and high-energy milling. To enhance their mechanical and electrical performance, HAp was composited with varying contents (0-90 vol%) of niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5), forming biphasic nanocomposites without the emergence of secondary crystalline phases, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Morphological analysis via SEM and dynamic light scattering revealed submicron particle sizes, with a reduction trend associated with increasing Nb2O5 content. Mechanical testing showed a significant improvement in Vickers hardness, reaching a maximum of similar to 3.7 GPa at intermediate compositions. Electrical impedance spectroscopy revealed a composition-dependent transition from HAp to Nb2O5-dominated conduction, associated with enhanced charge transport mechanisms, including small-polaron hopping, interfacial polarization, and oxygen vacancy mobility. The results demonstrate that the bio-derived HAp-Nb2O5 nanocomposites possess improved multifunctional properties, highlighting their potential relevance for electroactive scaffolds and load-bearing orthopedic implant coatings.

The growing need for durable implants, driven by aging populations and increased trauma cases, highlights challenges such as limited osseointegration and biofilm formation. 45S5 Bioglass® has shown promise due to its bioactivity, antimicrobial properties, and ability to enhance osseointegration through electrical polarization. This study investigates the effects of incorporating different concentrations of ZrO2 and Fe3O4 into 45S5 Bioglass® to enhance its electrical and biological properties. Raman analysis was used to evaluate how these oxides influenced the amount of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) and glass network connectivity. Electrical characterization was performed using impedance spectroscopy to measure conductivity and ion mobility. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method, and bioactivity was evaluated through simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion tests. The results revealed that bioglasses containing ZrO2 exhibited higher NBO content compared to Fe3O4, leading to improved electrical and biological properties. ZrO2, particularly at 2 mol%, significantly enhanced conductivity, antibacterial activity, and bioactivity. In contrast, Fe3O4 reduced both antibacterial activity and bioactivity. The findings demonstrate that ZrO2 addition improves the electrical and biological performance of 45S5 Bioglass®, making it a promising candidate for durable implants. Fe3O4, however, showed limited benefits.

This study investigates the synthesis and structural, microstructural, electrical, and dielectric properties of the multiferroic compound La0.6Ba0.1Ce0.3Fe0.95Ni0.05O3 (LaBaCeFeNiO3), synthesized via the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of an orthorhombic structure (Pnma space group) with secondary phases CeO2 and Fe2NiO4. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a homogeneous microstructure with an average grain size of 0.447 µm. Electrical conductivity studies highlight conduction mechanisms governed by the NSPT and CBH models across different temperature ranges. Dielectric measurements demonstrate a high permittivity at low frequencies due to interfacial polarization and a thermally activated relaxation phenomenon. Impedance spectroscopy, modeled using equivalent circuit analysis, reveals that grain boundaries predominantly govern the conduction process. These findings underline the potential of LaBaCeFeNiO3 for advanced electronic applications, including high-frequency devices and gas sensors.

Lithium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (LZO NPs) were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method to enhance the photocatalytic performance of ZnO NPs. The effects of Li doping on the structural, morphological, optical, vibrational, electrical, and dielectric properties of ZnO were systematically investigated using various characterization techniques. Structural analysis, employing the Williamson-Hall method, revealed a reduction in crystallite size from 90.7 nm for ZnO to 53.7 nm for LZO upon Li incorporation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed a spherical nanoparticle morphology with increased agglomeration in the doped samples, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the hexagonal wurtzite structure of LZO. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a decrease in the bandgap from 3.18 eV (ZnO) to 3.12 eV (LZO). Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy exhibited a redshift in UV emission and enhanced oxygen vacancy-related emissions in LZO, reflecting increased defect concentrations. Electrical and dielectric studies demonstrated improved conductivity and dielectric permittivity in LZO. The photocatalytic activity was assessed through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation, with LZO achieving approximately 90 % degradation within 90 min and a first-order rate constant of 0.018 min- 1, compared to 0.008 min- 1 for ZnO. This enhanced performance is attributed to the decreased crystallite size, reduced bandgap, increased defect concentration (notably oxygen vacancies), higher specific surface area (from 4.13 m2/g for ZnO to 38.12 m2/g for LZO), and elevated dielectric permittivity. Furthermore, LZO NPs exhibited excellent reusability, retaining approximately 82 % photocatalytic activity over six MB degradation cycles. These findings, coupled with the use of low Lidoping concentrations, demonstrate the potential of Li-doped ZnO for sustainable wastewater treatment and environmental remediation with minimized secondary pollutant generation.

Perovskite materials have emerged as one of the most promising classes of compounds in recent years due to their unique combination of electrical, dielectric, and magnetic properties, which make them ideal candidates for a wide range of advanced technological applications. This comprehensive review explores the latest developments in the electrical, dielectric, and magnetic behavior of perovskites, providing an in-depth analysis of the underlying mechanisms and their potential for improving device performance. The review covers the fundamental aspects of charge transport, polarization, and magnetic interactions in perovskite structures including the impact of crystal symmetry, ion migration, and external stimuli on their properties. Moreover, it highlights the various strategies used to tailor these properties through compositional engineering, doping, and structural modifications, resulting in enhanced efficiency, stability, and multifunctionality in applications such as photovoltaics, capacitors, dielectric resonators, and spintronic devices. Additionally, the paper addresses the challenges associated with the practical implementation of perovskite materials including stability issues under harsh environmental conditions and scalability for industrial applications. The review concludes with an outlook on future directions, emphasizing the need for further research to overcome these challenges and unlock the full potential of perovskite materials in next-generation electronics, energy storage, and magnetic devices.

Critical-size bone defects do not heal spontaneously and require external support, making bone regeneration a central challenge in tissue engineering. Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds offer a promising approach to mimic the structural and biological properties of bone. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of different doping oxides in bioactive glass (BG) on the performance of polycaprolactone (PCL)-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Composite scaffolds were fabricated using solvent casting, hot pressing, and salt-leaching techniques, combining PCL with 25 wt% of BG or doped BG containing 4 mol% of tantalum, zinc, magnesium, or niobium oxides, and 1 mol% of copper oxide. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of morphology, mechanical properties, and in vitro biological performance. All scaffolds exhibited a highly porous, interconnected structure. Mechanical compression tests indicated that elastic modulus increased with ceramic content, while doping had no measurable effect. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed biocompatibility across all scaffolds. Among the tested materials, the Zn-doped BG/PCL scaffold uniquely supported cell adhesion and proliferation and significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity—an early marker of osteogenic differentiation—alongside the Nb-doped scaffold. These results highlight the Zn-doped BG/PCL composite as a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications.

Tri-doped phosphor YNbO4:Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ was prepared by solid-state reaction method. The XRD and SEM results reveal that the product is a monoclinic phase of YNbO4 with high crystallinity and the particles presenting grains with well-defined boundaries with average size is about 1–5 μm. The temperature-dependent luminescence is investigated with 980 nm laser excitation, whereas temperature sensing behaviour was studied in the range of 300–500 K based on Stark sublevels 1G4(a)/1G4(b) (Tm3+), thermal coupling levels 2H11/2/4S3/2 (Er3+) and non-thermal coupling levels 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 (Er3+) /3F2 → 3H6 (Tm3+), 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 (Er3+) / 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 (Tm3+) and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 (Er3+) /3F2 → 3H6 (Tm3+), utilizing fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. It is worth highlighting that 1G4(a)/1G4(b) ratio as is not much employed in thermometry. Regarding, NTCL 3F2/1G4(b) pair exhibited the highest absolute sensitivity (SA) is about 110.2 × 10− 3 K− 1 at 500 K, whereas NTCL 3F2/4F9/2 pair presented the highest relative sensitivity (SR) is 2.1

This study investigates the effect of (Co + Al) co-doping on the physical properties of the ZnO nanoparticles, synthesized via the simple co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a hexagonal structure for all samples, with a formation of Al2O3 phase in both Zn0.98Co0.01Al0.01O and Zn0.94Co0.01Al0.05O nanoparticles. The crystallite size increased from 26.5 nm for ZnO to 16.6 nm for Zn0.94Co0.01Al0.05O nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique showed a notable alteration in the morphology of ZnO upon the incorporation of Al. A transition from spherical nanoparticles in ZnO and Co doped ZnO to irregular, dendritic-like structures in (Co + Al) co-doped nanoparticles is observed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) substantiated the presence of the Al2O3 phase in the co-doped samples. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of Co and Al into the ZnO lattice through the presence of Co-O-Co and Al-O bonds. Optical characterization indicated a decrease in the band gap energy from 3.18 eV in ZnO to 2.84 eV in Zn0.94Co0.01Al0.05O nanoparticles. Electrical conductivity measurements revealed an increase from 1.2 x 10(-4) Omega(-1) cm(-1) to 1.8 x 10(-3) Omega(-1) cm(-1) as the Al content increased from 0 % to 5 % at the frequency of 10(3) Hz and the temperature of 423K. Likewise, dielectric constant raised from 775 in ZnO to 5455 in Zn0.94Co0.01Al0.05O nanoparticles at the temperature 423K. These results highlight the potential of (Co + Al) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles for advanced optoelectronic applications.

In this investigation, our primary objective is to explore the structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of Bi0.75Ba0.25(FeMn)0.5O3 ceramic material synthesized by the sol-gel method. The prepared sample underwent synthesis through the conventional sol-gel technique. Examination through X-ray diffraction (XRD) unveiled a well-defined rhombohedral structure within the R3´C space group. Moreover, to evaluate the purity and nano-grain morphology, we utilized energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrical assessments were carried out over a frequency span of 100 Hz to 1 MHz and temperatures ranging from 200 to 340 K. Employing the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model, we analyzed the AC conductivity of our specimen. The activation energy, determined from both DC conductivity and impedance spectra, demonstrated close correspondence, suggesting that both conductivity and r laxation processes are influenced by similar factors. Notably, the dielectric properties hold significant importance, potentially rendering our sample suitable for electronic applications. Furthermore, we calculated thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), and free energy of activation (ΔF), offering deeper insights into the material’s behavior and conductivity mechanisms.

Fe-based materials exhibiting high dielectric constants have been attracting great attention due to their potential for application in electronic devices. In this work, iron niobate (FeNbO4) fibres were produced by the Laser Floating Zone technique, applying three different growth speeds: 5, 10 and 25 mm/h. The XRD patterns showed the presence of two phases, being the FeNbO4 the major one in all the samples. The effect of the growth speed is well perceptible in the morphology of the fibres. The dielectric measurements revealed that all samples have at least one dielectric relaxation phenomenon that is thermally activated, with the activation energy, estimated through the Arrhenius law, presenting values between 0.057 and 0.072 eV. The Nyquist plots showed the presence of a single semicircle for each temperature, that could be modelled by an equivalent electrical circuit consisting of an offset resistance in series with a parallel combination of a grain resistance and a grain constant phase element. The grain resistance increased with the increasing growth speed, from 574 to 64497 Ω, with the constant phase element showing the opposite trend, decreasing from 0.40 to 0.17 nF.

Advancing energy density, enabling lithium metal anodes, and ensuring unparalleled safety and operational reliability in lithium batteries hinge on advancing inorganic solid-state electrolytes. To overcome current impediments, we present an innovative approach that integrates glass-ceramics with a pioneering new Nasicon strategy involving molybdenum doping. In the conducted study, a series of 14Li2O-9Al2O3-38TiO2-(39-x)P2O5xMoO3 glasses, denoted as LATPMox, along with their corresponding glass-ceramics (LATPMox-GC), have exhibited a promising characteristic as solid electrolytes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of the novel Mo-doped Nasicon phases in the glass-ceramics, as validated by Rietveld refinement. Examination of the crystallization kinetic behavior of the glasses reveals a three-dimensional nucleation process with spherical particle growth, featuring an activation energy of 165 kJ mol-1. Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM characterization aligns crystallization behavior with crystallite and distribution within the glass matrix, resulting in a compact and dense microstructure. The structural properties of the resultant phases are examined through FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM-SEAD analysis. Vickers indentation tests were employed to assess the microscopic fracture toughness, and both the glass and glass-ceramics materials demonstrated favorable mechanical performance. Optical characterization using UV-visible absorption highlights the reduction of Mo6+ to Mo5+, likely occupying tetrahedral sites within the crystalline lattice. Impedance spectroscopy measurement showcases the effective promotion of ionic conductivity following Mo doping, reaching a total conductivity value of 5.50 x 10-5 Omega- 1 cm- 1 along with a high lithium transference number of 0.99 at room temperature for LATPMo2.6-GC glass-ceramic. This value is larger than that of many other glass-ceramics as well as that of the well-known lithium phosphorous oxy-nitride LiPON solid electrolyte whose ionic conductivity at RT is around 2 x 10-6

Advancing energy density, enabling lithium metal anodes, and ensuring unparalleled safety and operational reliability in lithium batteries hinge on advancing inorganic solid-state electrolytes. To overcome current impediments, we present an innovative approach that integrates glass-ceramics with a pioneering new Nasicon strategy involving molybdenum doping. In the conducted study, a series of 14Li2O-9Al2O3-38TiO2-(39-x)P2O5-xMoO3 glasses, denoted as LATPMox, along with their corresponding glass-ceramics (LATPMox-GC), have exhibited a promising characteristic as solid electrolytes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of the novel Mo-doped Nasicon phases in the glass-ceramics, as validated by Rietveld refinement. Examination of the crystallization kinetic behavior of the glasses reveals a three-dimensional nucleation process with spherical particle growth, featuring an activation energy of 165 kJ.mol-1. Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM characterization aligns crystallization behavior with crystallite and distribution within the glass matrix, resulting in a compact and dense microstructure. The structural properties of the resultant phases are examined through FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM-SEAD analysis. Vickers indentation tests were employed to assess the microscopic fracture toughness, and both the glass and glass-ceramics materials demonstrated favorable mechanical performance. Optical characterization using UV-visible absorption highlights the reduction of Mo6+ to Mo5+, likely occupying tetrahedral sites within the crystalline lattice. Impedance spectroscopy measurement showcases the effective promotion of ionic conductivity following Mo doping, reaching a total conductivity value of 5.50×10-5 Ω-1.cm-1 along with a high lithium transference number of 0.99 at room temperature for LATPMo2.6-GC glass-ceramic. This value is larger than that of many other glass-ceramics as well as that of the well-known lithium phosphorous oxy-nitride LiPON solid electrolyte whose ionic conductivity at RT is around 2×10-6 Ω-1.cm-1.

Background/Objectives: The unique properties of iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted significant interest within the biomedical community, particularly for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Various synthesis methods have been developed to optimize these nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we employed a powdered coconut water (PCW)-assisted sol–gel method to produce magnetite nanoparticles for the first time. A comprehensive analysis of the thermal (differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry), structural (X-ray diffraction), morphological (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy), magnetic (vibrating sample magnetometer and hyperthermia), and biological (cytotoxicity essays) properties was conducted to assess their potential for magnetic hyperthermia. Results: Samples heat-treated at 700 °C and 400 °C (washed powder) for 4 h under argon presented only magnetite in their composition. The micrometer-sized particles exhibited ferrimagnetic behavior, with saturation magnetization values of 37, 76, and 10 emu/g and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 27.1, 19.9, and 14.1 W/g, respectively, for treatments at 350 °C (48 h), 700 °C (4 h), and 400 °C (washed powder, 4 h) under an argon atmosphere. Biological tests showed no cytotoxicity below 10 mg/mL. Conclusions: The findings highlight the potential of PCW-assisted synthesis as a sustainable and efficient strategy for producing pure magnetite, with powder washing preceding the heat treatment enabling the attainment of this phase at lower temperatures. Nevertheless, the micrometer-scale dimensions is observed in the morphological analysis limit their suitability for biomedical applications.

Cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CsH2PO4) holds great potential as electrolyte for intermediate-temperature fuel cells and electrochemical devices due to its high proton conductivity (>= 10-2 S/cm). This study reports on the variation of the microstructure of CsH2PO4 and its effect on its electrical and thermal properties, with special attention to the low-temperature conductivity behavior. To manipulate morphology, the particle size was decreased by wet ball-milling, while variations in grain growth were achieved by cold sintering. Above the superprotonic phase transition, the electrical conductivity was effectively independent of the grain size. Nonetheless, at lower temperatures, a brick layer analysis on the impedance data revealed that the conductivity of the monoclinic phase is governed by the conduction pathways along the parallel grain boundaries due to the humidified atmosphere. Overall, we propose two conduction mechanisms that could explain the grain boundary conductivity of these samples, revealing critical links between sample morphology and low-temperature electrical behavior.

Creating perovskite ceramic with electrical and dielectric properties appropriate for energy storage, medical uses, and electronic devices is the goal of this research. A bismuth ferric titanate, Bi₀.₇Ba₀.₃(FeTi)₀.₅O3, doped with barium and crystalline, was effectively synthesized at the A-site via sol-gel synthesis. A rhombohedral structure emerged in 12 the R 3́ C space group, which was confirmed by room-temperature X-ray studies. An average grain size of 263 nm and a homogeneous grain distribution and chemical composition were confirmed by the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The relationship between temperature and frequency and electrical properties was found. Impedance spectroscopy and electrical modulus measurements, performed in the frequency range of 1 kHz to 1 MHz and at temperatures ranging from 200 K to 360 K, demonstrated a non-Debye type of relaxation. Furthermore, once the material was produced at various temperatures, its frequency-dependent electrical conductivity was examined using Jonscher's law. Over the complete temperature range, consistent conduction and relaxation mechanisms were discovered. These findings suggest that the chemical may find widespread applicability across a broad temperature range, including electrical fields and capacitors.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with blood vessels and the heart and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the world. These diseases are related to heart attacks and strokes due to a blockage of blood flow, which is generally associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the narrowing and possible obstruction of veins due to the accumulation of fats and other molecules associated with the inflammatory process. In this inflammatory process, many biomolecules may be indicated as targets of therapy for disease detection and monitoring. In atherosclerosis, some changes in the levels of these targets are characteristic, such as lipids, reactive oxygen species, monocytes/macrophages, compromised endothelial cells, overexpressed receptors on the surface of these cells, and enzymes, among others. Nanomedicine and the tools associated with it allow the synthesis of customized nanoparticles and nanostructures for a more targeted therapy and diagnosis, avoiding the limitations associated with systemic administration used in conventional therapy and diagnosis. The use of biomarkers as targets allows a more defined detection and treatment that is very important for the early detection and prevention of disease progression. This chapter addresses cardiovascular diseases, in particular atherosclerosis, and presents the main known forms of treatment and diagnosis of CVDs based on luminescent phenomena combined with the tools available in nanomedicine.