The cyber domain is undergoing extraordinary changes that present both exceptional opportunities to and major challenges for users of cyberspace. The challenges arise from the malevolent actors who use cyberspace and the many security vulnerabilities that plague this sphere. Exploiting opportunities and overcoming challenges will require a balanced body of knowledge on the cyber domain. Cyberpower and National Security assembles a group of experts and discusses pertinent issues in five areas.The first section provides a broad foundation and overview of the subject by identifying key policy issues, establishing a common vocabulary, and proposing an initial version of a theory of cyberpower. The second section identifies and explores possible changes in cyberspace over the next fifteen years by assessing cyber infrastructure and security challenges. The third section analyzes the potential impact of changes in cyberspace on the military and informational levers of power. The fourth section addresses the extent to which changes in cyberspace serve to empower key entities such as transnational criminals, terrorists, and nation-states. The final section examines key institutional factors, which include issues concerning governance, legal dimensions, critical infrastructure protection, and organization.Cyberpower and National Security frames the key issues concerned and identifies the important questions involved in building the human capacity to address cyber issues, balancing civil liberties with national security considerations, and developing the international partnerships needed to address cyber challenges. With more than two dozen contributors, Cyberpower and National Security covers it all.

: Information and information technology (I/IT) can significantly increase the likelihood of success in stability operations if they are engaged as part of an overall strategy that coordinates the actions of outside intervenors and focuses on generating effective results for the host nation. Properly utilized, I/IT can help create a knowledgeable intervention, organize complex activities, and integrate stability operations with the host nation, making stability operations more effective. Key to these results is a strategy that requires that 1) the U.S. Government gives high priority to such an approach and ensures that the effort is a joint civilian-military activity; 2) the military makes I/IT part of the planning and execution of the stability operation; 3) preplanning and the establishment of I/IT partnerships are undertaken with key regular participants in stability operations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank; 4) the focus of the intervention, including the use of I/IT, is on the host nation, supporting host-nation governmental, societal, and economic development; and 5) key information technology capabilities are harnessed to support the strategy. Implementing the strategy will include 1) development of an information business plan for the host nation so that I/IT is effectively used to support stabilization and reconstruction; 2) agreements among intervenors on data-sharing and collaboration, including data-sharing on a differentiated basis; and 3) use of commercial IT tools and data provided on an unclassified basis.

During the course of the Department of Defense’s (DoD) 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review, it was observed that DoD lacks a coherent, holistic framework to formulate and assess policy issues associated with cyberspace and cyberpower. To redress that shortfall, the Under Secretary of Defense (Policy) directed the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), National Defense University (NDU), to undertake a cyberpower study. As stated in the study’s Terms of Reference, “... there is a compelling need for a comprehensive, robust and articulate cyber power theory that describes, explains and predicts how our nation should best use cyber power in support of US national and security interests”. Consistent with that goal, this paper addresses four issues. First, it provides a holistic framework for addressing cyberpower issues and it summarizes the major findings of several studies that are being developed to characterize that framework. Second, it identifies and discusses potential Measures of Merit (MoMs) that can be applied to layers of that holistic framework. Third, to illustrate the types of analyses that are being pursued, a framework for tactical Influence Operations is introduced and applied. The paper concludes with some broad observations on the nature of the cyberpower problem.

: During the course of the Department of Defense's (DoD) 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review, it was observed that DoD lacks a coherent, holistic framework to formulate and assess policy issues associated with cyberspace and cyberpower. To redress that shortfall, the Under Secretary of Defense (Policy) directed the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), National Defense University (NDU), to undertake a cyberpower study. As stated in the study's Terms of Reference, there is a compelling need for a comprehensive, robust and articulate cyber power theory that describes, explains and predicts how our nation should best use cyber power in support of US national and security interests. Consistent with that goal, this paper addresses four issues. First, it provides a holistic framework for addressing cyberpower issues and it summarizes the major findings of several studies that are being developed to characterize that framework. Second, it identifies and discusses potential Measures of Merit (MoMs) that can be applied to layers of that holistic framework. Third, to illustrate the types of analyses that are being pursued, a framework for tactical Influence Operations is introduced and applied. The paper concludes with some broad observations on the nature of the cyberpower problem.

Overview Information and information technology (I/IT) can significantly increase the likelihood of success in stability operations--if they are engaged as part of an overall strategy that coordinates the actions of outside intervenors and focuses on generating effective results for the host nation. Properly utilized, I/IT can help create a knowledgeable intervention, organize complex activities, and integrate stability operations with the host nation, making stability operations more effective. Key to these results is a strategy that requires that 1) the U.S. Government gives high priority to such an approach and ensures that the effort is a joint civilian-military activity; 2) the military makes I/IT part of the planning and execution of the stability operation; 3) preplanning and the establishment of I/IT partnerships are undertaken with key regular participants in stability operations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank; 4) the focus of the intervention, including the use of I/IT, is on the host nation, supporting host-nation governmental, societal, and economic development; and 5) key information technology capabilities are harnessed to support the strategy. Implementing the strategy will include 1) development of an information business plan for the host nation so that I/IT is effectively used to support stabilization and reconstruction; 2) agreements among intervenors on data-sharing and collaboration, including data-sharing on a differentiated basis; and 3) use of commercial IT tools and data provided on an unclassified basis. Over the past 30 years, the information revolution has had an important impact on the conduct of military operations. In the United States, it has produced what is often called "netcentric warfare" or "netcentric operations" (1)--the combination of shared communications, key data, analytic capabilities, and people schooled in using those capacities--that has enabled enhanced joint activities, integrated distributed capabilities, much greater speed, and more effective maneuver. The result has been that the United States and its allies have been able to conduct very effective combat operations under a range of conditions, including quick insertion (Panama), maneuver warfare (major combat operations in Iraq), an all-air campaign (Kosovo), and a Special Forces-led effort (Afghanistan). At the same time that major combat operations have proceeded so successfully, the United States and its allies have undertaken a variety of stability operations in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor, several African countries, Afghanistan, and Iraq. (2) These stability operations generally have included both economic and governance reconstruction and have spanned the full security gamut from nonviolent peacekeeping to full-blown counterinsurgency. Not one of these operations has approached the success achieved in combat operations undertaken in the same period. This paper analyzes whether a strategic use of information and information technology (I/IT) in stability operations could lead to more successful operations. Certainly, the information revolution has been a dynamic and positive factor in business, government, and social arenas in the Western world. The combination of technology, information content, and people schooled in the use of each has reshaped enterprises and activities of all types. This paper concludes that utilizing the elements of the information revolution in a strategic approach to stability operations would have positive results and sets forth the strategic and operational parameters of such an effort. Problems of Stability Operations Utilizing the fruits of the information revolution for effective stability operations requires a prior understanding of what makes a stability operation effective. As noted above, stability operations have security, economic, and governance reconstruction elements. Yet while it is widely recognized that stability operations go far beyond purely military actions--encompassing security, humanitarian, economic, and governance/ rule of law issues--no one has set forth an actual strategic or operational doctrine that promises success in stability operations. …

In 2004, Congress directed the Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP) to develop a pilot program "to find practical ways in which the defense IT community can gain a mutual understanding of defense needs and industry capabilities and identify opportunities to integrate IT innovations in the U.S. military strategy." As context, this paper summarizes the nature of the problem, current Department of Defense (DoD) guidance on the issue, and current DoD methods to capture commercial IT. Subsequently, the paper identifies and discusses the major obstacles that impede DoD's use of commercial IT: non-attractiveness; non-transparency; non-agility; non-dominance; an isolating market; and attitudes of primes. In order to ameliorate these obstacles, a balanced mix of initiatives is recommended: 1) Enhance communications/organization (e.g., create a new organization at JFCOM to coordinate DoD's use of commercial IT); 2) Increase resource flexibility(e.g., provide combatant commands appropriate limited acquisition authority); 3) Decrease barriers (e.g., change DoD rules on intellectual property rights); 4) Stimulate cultural change(e.g., increase DoD education and training for commercial IT procurement); 5) Review testing (e.g., evaluate expanding "underwriter lab " testbeds); 6) Adapt requirements for specific missions(e.g.,undertake studies on the use of commercial IT in stabilization and reconstruction operations).

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection - "Thermodynamic Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria"Roger Gilmont, E. Weinman, Franklin Kramer, Eugene Miller, Frank Hashmall, and D. OthmerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1951, 43, 11, 2581Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1951Publication History Published online4 April 2005Published inissue 1 November 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50503a600https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50503a600research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views16Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCorrection - "Thermodynamic Correlation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria. Determination of Activity Coefficients from Relative Volatility.Roger GilmantCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 8, 1607Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50488a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50488a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views13Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts