The study involved analysis of rainwater samples at four sites on Upolu Island, Samoa from November 2019 to April 2020. A total of 48 rainwater samples were analysed in order to determine the major cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+) and anions (Cl-, , ) in wet precipitation from the four sites. The average pH of the rainwater was 6.89, perhaps due to neutralization. Only 50% of the rain samples had a pH above 5.6. This shows strong inputs of alkaline species to rainwater samples in some sites. The average pH of samples higher than 5.6 is due to high loadings of sodium ions. The rainwater samples are dominated by Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and . The principal cations and anions, in decreasing order, are Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and Cl- > > . The correlation study and the comparison of major ion composition with other sites revealed that rainwater ion composition is strongly influenced by marine sources rather than anthropogenic and terrestrial sources.

Surface fresh waters including rivers, streams and lakes are a major source of drinking water and are habitats for plants and animals.Surface waters are often contaminated with chemicals such as pesticides, nutrients, heavy metals and dissolved inorganics.The sources of these chemicals include agricultural and anthropogenic activities.The occurrence of chemical contaminants in drinking water has become a problem of increasing concern.Samoa, the baseline information on the contamination problems in a typical Independent Water Scheme (IWS) catchment is very limited.Hence, this article will provide detail information on the past and current status of drinking water by chemical contaminants.

The objective of this study was the river water quality assessment of Loimata o Apaula (LoA) watershed catchment in Samoa.River water samples from upstream and downstream are were collected and analyzed for heavy metals and nitrates/phosphorus.Among various heavy metals examined lead in upstream river water was higher than in downstream.Similarly to cyanide and nitrate concentration were higher in upstream than downstream with some concentration below the permissible maximum concentration of environment quality standard (WHO).

Contamination of heavy metals in coral reefs and coastal areas is a serious ecotoxicological and environmental problem due to direct runoff from anthropogenic wastes, commercial vessels and discharge from industrial effluents which may accumulate in the suspended particulate matter and settle on the bottom sediment.Surface sediment samples were collected from Samoa's commercial and fishing port and studied for the concentration and distribution of heavy metals.Two heavy metals (Cu, Pb) were detected from each port with some concentration below the permissible maximum concentration of environment quality standard set by the World Health Organization.

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of red soil contamination in the mangrove area around Matafa'a Mangrove Conservation Area in Samoa. Ten soil samples were collected from December 2011 - August 2012 on the monthly basis. The pH, Fe, Olsen P and nitrogen (N) contents were determined. Results showed a significant level of Fe content (4.50-41.3 mg/kg), Olsen P (0.03-0.44 mg/L) and nitrogen (0.02-0.29 mg/L), while the pH ranged from 1.40 to 8.90. The results demonstrated that all sites are contaminated with acidic soil which is a common characteristic of red soil contamination which poses a threat to the health of coastal ecosystem including mangroves in Samoa.

The objective of this study was to determine the sanitary quality of three freshwater springs by estimating the concentration of total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) bacteria as pollution indicators.Water samples were collected twice a month during the period August 2008 to January 2009; from springs on the island of Upolu, Samoa.For bacteriological analysis, the membrane filtration method was used for the two groups of bacteria.All samples from the three sites were found contaminated with total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria and the counts were higher than the maximum microbial contaminant level established by World Health Organization (WHO).The results imply that the springs were heavily polluted by bacteria of faecal origin suggesting that, these springs are potential sources of health hazards which is important from a public health perspective.