Background Due to heterogeneous clinical presentation, difficult differential diagnosis with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and psychiatric disorders, and evolving clinical criteria, the epidemiology and natural history of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD) remain elusive. In order to better characterize FTD patients, we relied on the database of a regional memory clinic network with standardized diagnostic procedures and chose AD patients as a comparator. Methods Patients that were first referred to our network between January 2010 and December 2016 and whose last clinical diagnosis was degenerative or vascular dementia were included. Comparisons were conducted between FTD and AD as well as between the different FTD syndromes, divided into language variants (lvFTD), behavioral variant (bvFTD), and FTD with primarily motor symptoms (mFTD). Cognitive progression was estimated with the yearly decline in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results Among the patients that were referred to our network in the 6-year time span, 690 were ultimately diagnosed with FTD and 18,831 with AD. Patients with FTD syndromes represented 2.6% of all-cause dementias. The age-standardized incidence was 2.90 per 100,000 person-year and incidence peaked between 75 and 79 years. Compared to AD, patients with FTD syndromes had a longer referral delay and delay to diagnosis. Patients with FTD syndromes had a higher MMSE score than AD at first referral while their progression was similar. mFTD patients had the shortest survival while survival in bvFTD, lvFTD, and AD did not significantly differ. FTD patients, especially those with the behavioral variant, received more antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics than AD patients. Conclusions FTD syndromes differ with AD in characteristics at baseline, progression rate, and treatment. Despite a broad use of the new diagnostic criteria in an organized memory clinic network, FTD syndromes are longer to diagnose and account for a low proportion of dementia cases, suggesting persistent underdiagnosis. Congruent with recent publications, the late peak of incidence warns against considering FTD as being exclusively a young-onset dementia.
Les dégénérescences lobaires frontotemporales (DLFT) sont un groupe de pathologies hétérogènes dont les présentations cliniques peuvent être similaires à celles de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), ce qui est source d’hésitation diagnostique. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les phénotypes cliniques ayant entraîné une hésitation entre un diagnostic de DLFT et de MA dans une population au diagnostic final certain (par analyse histologique ou confirmation génétique). Les cas étudiés sont sélectionnés parmi les patients ayant consulté au centre mémoire de Lille ou de Bailleul entre 1993 et 2019 avec un diagnostic final certain de DLFT ou de MA. Ils sont répartis en quatre groupes : les groupes DLFT-MA et MA-DLFT (hésitation entre DLFT et MA avec respectivement diagnostic final certain de MA et de DLFT) et les groupes MA-MA et DLFT-DLFT (diagnostic sans hésitation respectivement de MA et de DLFT). Un phénotype clinique est attribué aux cas et les prévalences des différents phénotypes sont comparées. Cent vingt-neuf patients ont été inclus dans cette étude. La prévalence des phénotypes « aphasie primaire progressive » et « présentation amnésique isolée » est significativement plus importante dans le groupe MA-DLFT (respectivement 33,3 % et 16,7 %) que dans le groupe DLFT-DLFT (respectivement 10,9 % et 0 %). La prévalence du phénotype « aphasie primaire progressive » est significativement plus importante dans le groupe DLFT-MA (47,1 %) que dans le groupe MA-MA (2,9 %). Les présentations amnésiques isolées (et de manière plus large, les présentations comportementales avec troubles mnésiques associés) de DLFT sont source d’hésitation diagnostique avec la MA. Les présentations langagières, notamment quand le sous-type est indéterminé, peuvent également entraîner une hésitation entre DLFT et MA. Dans certaines présentations cliniques, le diagnostic de DLFT et de MA reste difficile. Les prélèvements cérébraux post-mortem doivent ainsi être encouragés afin de pouvoir réaliser des études clinicopathologiques.
Bipolar disorder is associated with an increased risk of dementia with aging. Little is known regarding this association, limiting appropriate diagnosis and management. We aimed to describe the characteristics of bipolar patients with late cognitive impairment for whom the hypothesis of an underlying neurodegenerative disease had been raised. We performed a retrospective multicenter study, recruiting bipolar patients over 50 years old from five French tertiary memory centers who had undergone cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker assessment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Clinical, neuropsychological, and paraclinical characteristics were analyzed and 78 patients were included. The mean age at the onset of cognitive impairment was 62.4 years (±9.2). The mean MMSE score was 22.8 (±4.5), the mean FAB was 11.7 (±3.9), and the mean FCRST was 15.8 (±7.4)/36.8 (±9.7) (free/total recall). A total of 48.6% of the patients displayed cognitive fluctuations, and 38.2% showed cognitive improvement during follow-ups; and 56.3% of the patients showed Parkinsonism, of which 12.7% had never received antipsychotics. Among patients who underwent DAT-scans, 35.3% displayed dopaminergic denervation; 10.3% of patients had CSF AD biological signature (“A+ T+” profile), while 56.4% had other abnormal CSF profiles. Thus, clinical presentation was dominated by executive dysfunction, episodic memory impairment, fluctuating cognition, and a high frequency of Parkinsonism. Specifically, high frequency of delusional episodes suggests limited tolerance of psychotropic drugs. Most patients had abnormal CSF biomarker profiles, but only a minority displayed AD’s specific biomarker signature. Therefore, while our results unveil shared common neurocognitive features in bipolar patients with cognitive impairment of suspected neurodegenerative origin they suggest a participation of various underlying pathologies rather than a common degenerative mechanism in the pathophysiology of this condition.
What the COVID pandemic entails for the management of patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: experience in France. The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are well-known in patients with major cognitive impairment(1). The Covid 19 pandemic calls into question the organization of Cognitive and Behavioral Units (CBU) specialized in the management of BPSD (2)(3) to limit the risk of contamination for hospitalized patients and staff. Moderate to severe cognitive disorders and BPSDs such as wandering and agitation explain patients’ lack of understanding of the basic protective measures against Covid and their difficulty in implementing them (4). It is also difficult to find the right balance between protective but coercive measures and respect for patients’ dignity. Another difficulty is how to streamline hospital procedures to reduce workload and limit the risk of mental and physical exhaustion.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous illness, with a common clinical presentation of progressive amnesia and less common « atypical » presentations which may be misdiagnosed with a pathology of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum. This study sought to characterize which phenotypes of AD are difficult to distinguish from FTLD.
Lors du recueil d’une plainte de mémoire, certains éléments de l’anamnèse, du bilan neurologique et le récit des difficultés peuvent dès lors orienter vers un diagnostic neurologique ou psychiatrique impliquant le lobe frontal. L’altération de la consolidation en mémoire et du stockage–le lot des maladies impliquant l’hippocampe- n’est pas la seule cause de plainte mnésique. Les difficultés d’encodage des informations ou de récupération en mémoire : les faits passés comme les choses à faire dans le futur témoignent de difficultés impliquant les fonctions exécutives d’où l’importance de faire préciser les situations qui ont alerté la personne ou ses proches. Le diagnostic de DFTc est épaulé par la recherche de symptômes comportementaux caractéristiques mais toute pathologie frontale n’est pas dégénérative et en lien avec une DLFT. L’anamnèse doit être sérieuse et rechercher des antécédents évoquant des troubles de la personnalité, de pathologie psychiatrique et un soin particulier doit être porté à chercher des addictions ou une iatrogénie. Un temps particulier doit être consacré à l’histoire familiale. Tandis que l’entretien psychiatrique qui peut être enrichi par l’utilisation d’échelles permet de suspecter des diagnostics telle qu’une catatonie ou des éléments maniaques, l’examen neurologique doit traquer une cause alternative en observant : instabilité posturale, marche et chutes, élévation du regard, troubles des sphincters, troubles visuo-spatiaux ou praxiques. Pour étayer les diagnostics différentiels neurologiques, on enrichira le bilan classique d’un bilan neuropsychologique évaluant soigneusement les fonctions visuo-spatiales et les praxies (DCL), on proposera une PL déplétive (HPN), on évaluera les séquelles d’un éthylisme chronique (IRM, EMG, biologie) et on se méfiera d’une décompensation du fait d’une pathologie associée (biomarqueurs MA dans le LCR), on discutera au vu de l’histoire familiale la génétique (Huntington). Concernant les diagnostics différentiels psychiatriques, on usera de sevrages, d’adaptation de traitement (BP) ou du test au Stilnox (catatonie) et l’imagerie sera la plupart du temps dans les limites de la norme.
Amnesia is a key component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the most important feature of its clinical diagnosis but its specificity has recently been challenged. This study investigated the ability of amnesia to predict AD in a clinicopathological dementia series. Ninety-one patients to which free and cued verbal memory assessment was administered during early cognitive decline, were followed until autopsy. Patients' histological diagnoses were classified as pure AD, mixed AD, and non-AD pathologies. Data-driven automated classification procedures explored the correspondence between memory performance and pathological diagnoses. Classifications revealed 3 clusters of performance reflecting different levels of amnesia. Little correspondence between these clusters and the presence of AD pathology was retrieved. A third of patients with pure/mixed AD pathology were non-amnesic at presentation and ≈45% of patients without AD pathology were amnesic. Data-driven prediction of AD pathology based on memory also had a poor accuracy. Free and cued memory assessments are fair tools to diagnose an amnesic syndrome but lack accuracy to predict AD pathology.
Le diagnostic positif et étiologique de la variante comportementale des dégénérescences lobaires frontotemporales (DLFT), également appelé démence frontotemporale (DFTc), reste une gageure en 2019. Le diagnostic différentiel entre DFTc et troubles psychiatriques peut être aidé par l’utilisation stricte des critères diagnostiques du DSM5 et quelques astuces sémiologiques. Le diagnostic différentiel avec les présentations exécutives/comportementales de maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est également difficile car les troubles de la mémoire épisodiques sont fréquents dans la DFTc. En outre les biomarqueurs de MA du liquide cérébrospinal peuvent être positifs en cas de co-pathologie ou faussement positifs dans certaines DFTc. Enfin le diagnostic étiologique des présentations cliniques de DFTc, qui peuvent correspondre à de multiples pathologies appartenant ou non au spectre des DLFT, est particulièrement difficile. Du fait de leur fréquence, la recherche de mutations GRN ou C9orf72 devrait être proposée dans tous les cas de DFTc ; la recherche de mutations plus rares peut être réservée aux cas précoces ou familiaux. Dans les cas sporadiques, certains phénotypes clinico-radiologiques associés aux DFTc doivent être bien connus car prédictifs de la pathologie sous-jacente, comme l’association à une pathologie motoneuronale dans les DFTc liées à une DLFT-TDP de type B. L’avenir verra le développement de marqueurs cliniques, biologiques ou d’imagerie pour améliorer les corrélations clinicopathologiques et ouvrir la voie aux essais thérapeutiques de traitements neuroprotecteurs.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) includes the behavioral variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (bvFTD), also called frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and two language variants, namely, semantic dementia (SD) and primary progressive agrammatic aphasia (PPA). There is a large degree of overlap between the three FTLD variants, as well as between FTLD and motor neurone disease or parkinsonism. Neuropsychiatric features, the earliest and prominent manifestations of bvFTD, are also commonly encountered in the language variants. FTLD is a pathologically heterogeneous entity, divided into several subtypes characterized by protein aggregates of different nature and distribution. The discovery of mutations on different genes made the classification of FTLD even more complex because of weak genotype-phenotype correlations, even within the same family. And a same phenotype can be caused by different mutations. Since neuropsychiatric symptoms are inaugural, bvFTD is often misdiagnosed as psychiatric conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or schizophreniform psychosis, although atypical features are usually present. The main behavioral symptoms are early behavioral disinhibition; apathy or inertia; loss of sympathy or empathy; perseverative, stereotyped, or ritualistic behavior; and hyperorality and dietary changes. Psychosis is less frequent, except in some familial cases, raising the possibility of a link between FTD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders. There is, as yet, no specific pathophysiological treatment for FTLD. As for symptomatic treatments, few randomized placebo-controlled studies have been performed. However, serotonergic agents are recommended to treat FTD behavioral disorders.
The number of patients with young onset dementia (YOD) (first symptoms beginning before the age of 60 years) is estimated around 5,000 in France. On account of the usual severity of behavioral symptoms in these patients, the need for cognitive-behavioral specialized unit (UCC) is expected. To determine the number and characteristics of YOD patients cared for in UCC in France during the year 2013. A specific questionnaire was sent to the 84 French UCC. The questionnaire was completed by 55 UCC (65%), whose 33 received 179 YOD patients. The diagnosis was Alzheimer's disease in 50% of the cases and frontotemporal dementia in 30%. The main reasons for the hospitalization in UCC were the severity of behavioral symptoms in 86% of cases, the need to alleviate the caregiver burden in 31% and the waiting for a place in a nursing home in 23%. Mean duration of hospitalization was 40.4 ± 20.5 days. At the end of hospitalization 51% of the patients returned to their original living accomodation and 39% entered into a nursing home. The main reason of YOD patients hospitalization reject was the care team's fear in the UCC without experience. The severity of the behavioral troubles was the major issue while the necessary ethical reflection raised by the YOD patients management was a positive aspect. The teams rated how ready do they feel about taking care of YOD patients on a scale from 0 to 100, the median was 35. The welcoming of YOD patients in UCC is necessary, however the severity of the behavioral troubles and the care teams fear prompt to set up specific education and to increase of the number of staff for YOD patients management.
Background: The diagnosis of behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) relies primarily on clinical features and remains challenging. The specificity of the recently revised criteria can be disappointing, justifying development of new clinical tools. Objective: We produced a behavioral inventory named DAPHNE. This scale (adapted from Rascovsky's criteria) explores six domains: disinhibition, apathy, perseverations, hyperorality, personal neglect and loss of empathy. It is composed of ten items (five answer categories). The aim was (1) to assess the validity and reliability of DAPHNE and (2) to evaluate its contribution in differentiating patients. Methods: Two scores were computed: DAPHNE-6 (screening) from the six domains and DAPHNE-40 (diagnosis) from the ten items. Reliability and reproducibility were assessed. External validity was studied with the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) and the Frontotemporal Behavioral Scale (FBS). Finally, the diagnostic performance of DAPHNE was compared to revised criteria, FBI and FBS. Results: DAPHNE was administered to the caregivers of 89 patients, 36 with bvFTD, 22 with Alzheimer's disease, 15 with progressive supranuclear palsy and 16 with bipolar disorder. Reliability and reproducibility were excellent, as was external validity. DAPHNE-6 allowed bvFTD diagnosis (score ≥4) with a sensitivity of 92%, while DAPHNE-40 (score ≥15) had a specificity of 92%. Conclusion: We demonstrate excellent psychometric features for DAPHNE. This quick tool could help for both diagnosing and screening bvFTD.
Background: It is unclear whether associated cerebrovascular pathology contributes to the clinical spectrum of Lewy body dementia (LBD). Summary: The present postmortem 7.0-tesla MRI study investigates the anatomical distribution of cortical microbleeds (CoMBs) in LBD brains with and without associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CoMBs predominated in the frontal section of the LBD brains and were associated to severe white matter lesions. No differences were observed when LBD brains with and without AD and CAA were compared. Key Messages: In LBD, there is a specific distribution of CoMBs that is different from that in other neurodegenerative diseases. The increase of frontal CoMBs is not due to the frequently associated AD and CAA features but due to the LBD itself.
BACKGROUND:Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a complex disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations, differential pathological signatures, and genetic variability. Mutations in three genes-MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72--have been associated with FTD. We sought to identify novel genetic risk loci associated with the disorder. METHODS:We did a two-stage genome-wide association study on clinical FTD, analysing samples from 3526 patients with FTD and 9402 healthy controls. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, all participants were of European ancestry. In the discovery phase (samples from 2154 patients with FTD and 4308 controls), we did separate association analyses for each FTD subtype (behavioural variant FTD, semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, and FTD overlapping with motor neuron disease [FTD-MND]), followed by a meta-analysis of the entire dataset. We carried forward replication of the novel suggestive loci in an independent sample series (samples from 1372 patients and 5094 controls) and then did joint phase and brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci analyses for the associated (p<5 × 10(-8)) single-nucleotide polymorphisms. FINDINGS:We identified novel associations exceeding the genome-wide significance threshold (p<5 × 10(-8)). Combined (joint) analyses of discovery and replication phases showed genome-wide significant association at 6p21.3, HLA locus (immune system), for rs9268877 (p=1·05 × 10(-8); odds ratio=1·204 [95% CI 1·11-1·30]), rs9268856 (p=5·51 × 10(-9); 0·809 [0·76-0·86]) and rs1980493 (p value=1·57 × 10(-8), 0·775 [0·69-0·86]) in the entire cohort. We also identified a potential novel locus at 11q14, encompassing RAB38/CTSC (the transcripts of which are related to lysosomal biology), for the behavioural FTD subtype for which joint analyses showed suggestive association for rs302668 (p=2·44 × 10(-7); 0·814 [0·71-0·92]). Analysis of expression and methylation quantitative trait loci data suggested that these loci might affect expression and methylation in cis. INTERPRETATION:Our findings suggest that immune system processes (link to 6p21.3) and possibly lysosomal and autophagy pathways (link to 11q14) are potentially involved in FTD. Our findings need to be replicated to better define the association of the newly identified loci with disease and to shed light on the pathomechanisms contributing to FTD. FUNDING:The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome/MRC Centre on Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's Research UK, and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
Les démences, dont la cause la plus fréquente et la plus connue est la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), sont considérées comme des pathologies de la personne âgée. Leur incidence et leur prévalence doublent tous les 5 ans dès l’âge adulte. La plupart des études épidémiologiques portent sur les personnes de plus de 65 ans, au delà duquel les courbes s’infléchissent. L’étude PAQUID a permis d’estimer le nombre de patients de plus de 75 ans atteints de MA en France à 850 000 en 2005. Les estimations pour les personnes plus jeunes provenant du groupe EURODEM (combinant plusieurs cohortes européennes) en 1991 donnaient une prévalence de démence à 0,5 % chez les femmes et 1,6 % chez les hommes entre 60 et 64 ans, et à 0,1 % chez les femmes et 0,2 % chez les hommes avant 60 ans [1], soit une estimation de 32 000 personnes de moins de 65 ans présentant une démence (toutes causes confondues) en 2004 en France [2]. L’extrapolation des données du réseau des consultations mémoire du Nord-Pas-de-Calais en 2009, comparable à une étude anglaise [3] donnent une estimation de 20 000 MA ou syndrome apparenté < 65 ans. L’institut national de veille sanitaire a recensé 8293 protocoles ALD15 (MA et affections apparentées) attribués à des personnes < 65 ans en 2009, dont 4145 < 60 ans. La MA reste la cause de démence la plus fréquente (50 %) chez les personnes jeunes (<65 ans selon la définition internationale), mais les dégénérescences lobaires fronto-temporales (DLFT), comprenant la démence fronto-temporale (DFT ou forme comportementale), l’aphasie primaire progressive, et la démence sémantique sont beaucoup plus fréquentes que chez les personnes âgées [4]. Les démences à corps de Lewy sont déroutantes en l’absence de syndrome parkinsonien, s’exprimant par une altération majeure des fonctions exécutives, visuo-spatiales, des troubles psychiatriques (dépression, hallucinations visuelles, idées délirantes, troubles du sommeil paradoxal, cauchemars…), ou des troubles végétatifs (malaises, chutes). Les démences vasculaires sous-corticales sont également trompeuses, lorsqu’elles ne s’accompagnent pas de troubles moteurs ou sensitifs ni d’épisodes vasculaires aigus [5]. Les démences sont trop tardivement identifiées chez les personnes jeunes, en moyenne 5 ans après les premiers symptômes contre 3 ans chez les patients âgés, en raison d’une méconnaissance de la population et des médecins, d’une présentation clinique y compris de la MA souvent atypique (déficit des fonctions instrumentales ou exécutives au premier plan, relative préservation de la mémoire épisodique, bonne conscience des troubles, atrophies focales progressives, sans atteinte majeure de la région hippocampique, parfois troubles moteurs associés), des diagnostics différentiels nombreux [6]. Les démences sont souvent considérées initialement comme d’origine psychiatrique (dépression, anxiété, accès maniaque, conversion…) d’autant qu’un syndrome frontal (apathie, désinhibition, agressivité, manque de tact, de jugement, de convenances sociales, troubles du comportement alimentaire…) est fréquent chez les personnes jeunes, quelle que soit la pathologie, avec des troubles de la cognition sociale rendant difficiles les relations au travail, la vie à domicile et l’acceptation dans les structures d’hébergement collectif. Les dégénérescences focales s’expriment par des troubles instrumentaux (langage, troubles neuro-visuels), égarant vers des pathologies vasculaires, ophtalmologiques ou psychiatriques. Le diagnostic étiologique des démences peut désormais être établi avec une grande fiabilité dès les stades précoces [7] grâce à l’évaluation neuropsychologique, l’imagerie structurale (IRM) et métabolique (TEP au FDG et aux traceurs de l’amyloïde, scintigraphie au DatSCAN,), les biomarqueurs du liquide céphalo-spinal (protéines Tau, phospho-Tau, b-amyloïde) et la génétique [8]. Le déclin cognitif est plus rapide, mais la survie est souvent plus longue chez les patients jeunes que les plus âgées. Une histoire familiale est plus fréquente, jusqu’à 40 % dans les DLFT dont la moitié de formes génétiques, et 10 % de forme génétique dans la MA soit 5 fois plus que chez les personnes âgées. Les découvertes génétiques récentes amènent à proposer des essais cliniques et thérapeutiques qui peuvent être très contraignants aux stades pré-symptomatiques ou prodromaux de la maladie d’Alzheimer tel que l’étude DIAN-TU [9] ou de certains sous-types de DLFT (tauopathies, mutation PGRN…). Le retentissement professionnel, familial, social, financier, juridique voire médico-légal est majeur, d’autant que le diagnostic a été tardif [10]. On déplore encore une méconnaissance de ces pathologies et de son impact, et parfois une inadéquation de la réponse médico-sociale ou professionnelle aux difficultés rencontrées. Le plan Alzheimer 2008-2012 a consacré 2 mesures aux patients jeunes : création d’un Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer ou apparentés Jeunes (CNR-MAJ) et recensement des besoins en hébergement des malades jeunes, confiée au CNR-MAJ [11].
Young Onset Dementia (YOD) refers to the onset of dementia before the age of 65. A recent WHO report estimates that the proportion of YOD of all people with dementia may be as high as 6–9%. Because YOD can differ strongly from late onset dementia in aetiology and course of disease, people with YOD and their caregivers have specific needs and therefore need different services, specifically tailored to their preferences and changing cognitive, psychological and social abilities. This chapter gives an overview of what is necessary for good service delivery for people with YOD and addresses issues like timely diagnosis, the need for information, the specific issues regarding (young) children, employment, the role of informal carers, the need for integrated multidisciplinary collaborative care and services like respite care. The chapter ends with international perspectives from seven countries and how these developed specialised services for people with YOD.