ABSTRACTFatty acid profiles and distribution of individual phospholipids (PL) in the total PL were determined in chicken meat and skin and swine aortas, and the contribution of each PL to malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was studied. Results indicate that phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) produced 70‐77% of the total PL MDA while 16‐25% of the MDA was formed by phosphatidyl inositol (PI) and phosphatidyl serine (PS). Much lower concentrations of MDA (3‐6%) were formed by sphingomyelin (SP), cardiolipin (CL) and lysophosphatidyl choline (LyPC). In all analyzed tissues, both the MDA concentration and the percentage of polyenoic fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, were highest in PI followed by PE, PS, PC, CL LyPC, and SP.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of three modified TBA methods for measuring lipid oxidation in chicken meatJan Pikul, Dennis E. Leszczynski, and Fred A. KummerowCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37, 5, 1309–1313Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00089a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00089a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2493Altmetric-Citations284LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Groups of six-day-old female chicks fed semi-synthetic diets containing 14% free fatty acid were evaluated for plasma and liver cholesterol (C), phospholipid (PL), and triglyceride (TG) content. Six different fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic) were tested at two levels (12.8% and 24.8%) of protein for two different treatment periods (15 and 30 days) in the form of a 3 factorial experimental design. Analysis of variance, F test revealed that treatment duration, dietary protein level, and difference in dietary fatty acid all had significant (p<.05) effects on plasma and/or liver lipid. Compared to 15 days of treatment, 30 day treatment reduced plasma C and PL, but increased liver C and PL. Compared to 12.8% dietary protein, 24.8% protein reduced plasma C and PL, but had no effect on liver lipid. Differences between the individual fatty acids tested were elicited primarily in plasma and liver TG and PL; no significant effect was found in plasma C. Multiple comparison of group means revealed that the significant dietary fat effects were due primarily to linoleic and palmitic acid in plasma, and to linoleic and lauric acid in liver.

Four groups of 5-month-old chicken hens were given estradiol treatments and/or 5% dietary oil supplement for 14 days, after which blood plasma, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle were analyzed for lipid oxidation by TBA assay for malonaldehyde. Plasma from estradiol-treated birds had 8-fold higher levels of malonaldehyde compared to untreated birds. The bulk of this effect was due to a 5-fold increase in plasma lipid, but this lipid also contained a 70% higher concentration of malonaldehyde. Estradiol treatments produced significantly increased TBA numbers in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Corn oil supplementation significantly increased the malonaldehyde concentration in fat extracted from liver and heart, but not from plasma or skeletal muscle. It was concluded that estradiol treatment, in addition to generally increasing the deposition of fat in plasma and organs, also enhanced the concentration of malonaldehyde equivalents in plasma and organ fat.

1.1. Pups were subjected, from birth, to protein undernutrition by feeding the lactating dams 8% casein (CS) or 8% soy protein (SP) diet up to weaning; the weanlings were fed the same diets until 6 weeks of age.2.2. At 3 and 6 weeks of age, myelin was isolated from the brains and characterized. The quantities of myelin and its content of cholesterol, galactolipids and phospholipids, were significantly depressed in the 8% CS and 8% SP groups but not when soy protein was fed at the same level as casein (25%) in the control.3.3. Furthermore, the severity of the deficits in myelination showed a differential pattern depending on the type of dietary protein fed.4.4. At weaning, the deficits with the 8% SP diet were 1.5–2.0-times greater than with the corresponding casein diet.5.5. A more pronounced retardation in the initiation, progression and capacity of myelination in postnatal soy protein undernutrition was indicated.

Whole fat from chicken liver, heart, adipose tissue, and plasma was extracted with chloroform-methanol solvents. Fat content of tissues was determined, and total fat was analyzed for lipid composition by chemical assay, for malonaldehyde content by improved thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay with antioxidant protection, and for fluorescence excitation (360 nm) and emission (440 nm) spectra. The fatty acid composition of isolated phospholipids and triglycerides from each tissue was also determined. Liver contained 5.56% fat composed of 42.3% phospholipids, 51.2% triglycerides, and 6.2% total cholesterol; heart contained 4.27 % fat composed of 47.6% phospholipids, 46.9% triglycerides, and 5.3% total cholesterol; and adipose tissue contained 79.4% fat composed of .7% phospholipids, 99.1% triglycerides, and .1% total cholesterol. Plasma contained 1.25% fat composed of 45.6% phospholipids, 31.4% triglycerides, and 22.3% total cholesterol. Compared to the fatty acids of triglycerides, the fatty acids from tissue phospholipids were much more polyunsaturated with prominent amounts of arachidonic acid. Generally, fats with large phospholipid fractions also had relatively large concentrations of malonaldehyde. The concentration of malonaldehyde in fat from adipose tissue, which contained less than 1% phospholipids, was more than 50 times lower than in fat from other tissues studied. The relative levels of fluorescent products in fat from tissues followed the pattern established for malonaldehyde levels in those tissues. Because of the widely variable fat content of different tissues, the concentration of malonaldehyde in extracted fat appeared to be a more useful parameter for evaluating potential oxidative rancidity than the TBA number.

Female chickens from eight different genetic stocks, ranging from 13 to 21 months of age, and exhibiting various levels of egg production were studied. Plasma samples were collected between 1700 and 2200 hr to determine basal circulating levels of progesterone (P4) and 17β-estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay. Linear regression analysis was used to describe the relation between mean hormone levels (E2, P4, and E2/P4) and mean egg production from these groups, and correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the general usefulness of these hormone parameters for estimating egg production within a group or flock of hens. Of the three hormone parameters evaluated, basal circulating E2/P4 was found to be the best estimator of egg productivity.

Total fat extracted from breast meat, leg meat, and breast skin was analyzed for composition of phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (C); and for fatty acid composition of PL and TG fractions. Whole fat was also analyzed for malonaldehyde (MA) by an improved thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay with antioxidant protection and for certain secondary oxidation products by fluorescence excitation (360 nm) and emission (440 nm) spectra. Breast contained 1.1% fat composed of 58.4% PL and 35.5% TG; leg contained 2.4% fat composed of 32.1% PL and 62.9% TG, and skin contained 32.8% fat composed of 1.6% PL and 97.8% TG. Fatty acid compositions of TG fractions from all tissues were similar and contained almost no polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with 20 or 22 carbon atoms. Fatty acids from PL fractions of meat contained more than 20% arachidonic acid and substantial amounts of PUFA with 22 carbon atoms; skin PL contained approximately one-half the PUFA with 20 and 22 carbon atoms compared with meat. The MA concentration in breast fat was 1.9 times higher than in leg fat and 20.3 times higher than in skin fat. However, because of the different fat content of tissues, the TBA number of skin was higher than that of leg, which in turn was higher than that of breast. The relative levels of fluorescent products in fat from meat and skin tissues clearly paralleled the trend found for MA concentrations. It was concluded that the TBA number parameter is of little comparative value unless accompanied by fat content and composition data.

Oxidation products were measured in chicken breast and leg meat during a series of common household processing steps (frozen storage, microwave and convection cooking, refrigerated storage after cooking, and reheating). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in fat from meat was measured by an improved thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay with antioxidant protection; and fluorescent products (FP) were measured in organic and aqueous layers from Folch-extracted meat samples by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Fat from breast meat contained almost twice as much MDA and FP than fat from leg meat due to a greater content of phospholipids, which had a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Leg meat had higher TBA numbers, however, because it contained twice as much fat as breast meat. Fresh, 3-month, and 6-month frozen storaged meats cooked by convention oven and then further processed had higher MDA and TBA values compared with microwave cooked and processed meats, but a significant difference (P<.05) was observed only in meat stored for 6 months. The relative levels of FP in the organic layers from meats cooked by convection oven were not significantly higher than meats cooked by microwave. However, the relative levels of FP in aqueous layers were significantly higher after convection compared to microwave cooking, and these differences persisted throughout further processing steps. Frozen and refrigerated storage of meat produced more substantial oxidative decomposition of fats than did cooking, but cooking produced substantial increases in aqueous-soluble FP. Generally, it is concluded that the absolute level of oxidation products in chicken meat after a particular food processing step depends primarily on the level of oxidation products present before that step.

ABSTRACT Fresh chicken breast and leg meat samples, which were frozen for 3 months or 6 months at −18°C, were cooked in microwave and convection ovens and then tested for levels of lipid oxidation. After 6 months storage, malonaldehyde in fat from meat samples, as measured by a TBA assay, modified to avoid sample autoxidation, increased 2.5 fold, while the fluorescence excitation (360 nm) and emission (440 nm) spectra increased an average of 34%. Fat from meat cooked in a convection oven averaged 83% higher malonaldehyde concentration and 21% higher fluorescence compared to levels before cooking. Levels of lipid oxidation products in fat from chicken breast and leg meat were not significantly different in microwave compared to convection oven cooking; but certain secondary fluorescent products were higher in meats cooked by convection oven.

ABSTRACTFresh breast and leg meat was collected from 11‐wk‐old pullets fed a high protein‐low fat starter ration. Lipid oxidation measured in malonaldehyde (MA) equivalents in total fat extracted from meat, and in phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TG), and cholesterol ester (CE) fractions of total fat was determined by an improved TBA assay with antioxidant protection. It was found that breast meat had two‐fold less fat than leg. Breast fat contained 70.1% PL, 22.2% TG, and 1.2% CE; leg fat contained 42.9% PL, 51.4% TG, and 0.8% CE. After separation by thin layer chromatography, the individual lipid classes were tested for TBA reactivity. The PL fraction was found to contribute approximately 90% of the MA measured in total fat from chicken meat.

The relationships of circulating estradiol, estrone, and progesterone levels to plasma lipid levels and ovulatory frequency were studies in sexually mature hens. New Hampshire X Columbian (NH X C) cross-bred hens, which have a relatively low frequency of ovulation, were compared with pure-bred White Leghorn (WLH) hens with a high frequency of ovulation. A mutant strain of WLH hen, exhibiting the phenotypic characteristic of restricted ovulation (RO) was also tested. It was fund that NH X C hens had a basal circulating estrogen: progesterone ratio 2.7 X greater than WLH hens. Furthermore, WLH-RO hens exhibited 3 X HIGHER BASAL PLASMA ESTROGEN AND 4 X lower progesterone than normal WLH hens, resulting in an estrogen:progesterone ratio which was l2.6X higher. In additional, WLH-RO hens did not exhibit any diurnal variation in circulating progesterone levels, and had smaller primary sex organs and also intermittent hyperlipidemia. It is concluded that the basal circulating estrogen:progesterone ratio in sexually mature hens is a good indicator of ovulatory frequency, and that the magnitude of the ratio is determined primarily by the progesterone component.

International Journal of Food Science & TechnologyVolume 19, Issue 5 p. 575-584 Lipid oxidation in chicken breast and leg meat after sequential treatments of frozen storage, cooking, refrigerated storage and reheating J. PIKUL, J. PIKUL Institute of Animal Products Technology, Agricultural University of Poznań, 60–624 Poznań, Wojska Polskiego 31, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorD. E. LESZCZYNSKI, D. E. LESZCZYNSKI Harlan E. Moore Heart Research Foundation, 503 S. Sixth St, Champaign, IL, 61820, U. S. A.Search for more papers by this authorA. NIEWIAROWICZ, A. NIEWIAROWICZ Institute of Animal Products Technology, Agricultural University of Poznań, 60–624 Poznań, Wojska Polskiego 31, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorF. A. KUMMEROW, F. A. KUMMEROW Harlan E. Moore Heart Research Foundation, 503 S. Sixth St, Champaign, IL, 61820, U. S. A.Search for more papers by this author J. PIKUL, J. PIKUL Institute of Animal Products Technology, Agricultural University of Poznań, 60–624 Poznań, Wojska Polskiego 31, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorD. E. LESZCZYNSKI, D. E. LESZCZYNSKI Harlan E. Moore Heart Research Foundation, 503 S. Sixth St, Champaign, IL, 61820, U. S. A.Search for more papers by this authorA. NIEWIAROWICZ, A. NIEWIAROWICZ Institute of Animal Products Technology, Agricultural University of Poznań, 60–624 Poznań, Wojska Polskiego 31, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorF. A. KUMMEROW, F. A. KUMMEROW Harlan E. Moore Heart Research Foundation, 503 S. Sixth St, Champaign, IL, 61820, U. S. A.Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1984 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb01874.xCitations: 13 To whom correspondence should be addressed. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue5October 1984Pages 575-584 RelatedInformation

The effects of estradiol and progesterone treatment on plasma hormone and lipid concentrations were measured in laying hens and sexually immature pullets. Pullets and hens were divided into three groups and injected with estradiol (1 mg/kg bw), progesterone (4 mg/kg bw), or vehicle (propylene glycol) once each day for 14 days. Blood samples were collected before treatment and 24 hr after the 7th and 14th treatment. Plasma progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (C), and phospholipids (PL) were measured. E2 treatments elevated hen plasma TG 7.2×, PL 5.1×, and C 7.2×; and pullet plasma TG 6.8×, PL 3.7×, and C 2.5×. However, because hen plasma was initially mildly hyperlipidemic, the E2-treated hens developed severe hyperlipidemia, but egg production was unaffected. Progesterone treatments of pullets had little or no effect on plasma lipids, but progesterone treatment of hens significantly reduced initial plasma TG and PL and also reduced egg production. No substantial differences were found in circulating E2 or P in hormone-treated hens and pullets, which indicated no extreme differences in plasma hormone clearance rates. These results indicate that long-term rather than short-term hepatic priming may account for observed differences in layer and pullet response to estradiol treatment.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElimination of sample autoxidation by butylated hydroxytoluene additions before thiobarbituric acid assay for malonaldehyde in fat from chicken meatJan Pikul, Dennis E. Leszczynski, and Fred A. KummerowCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1983, 31, 6, 1338–1342Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00120a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00120a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views475Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

The incorporation of [1-14C]oleic acid, elaidic acid, and stearic acid into lipids was studied in swine hepatic microsomes. The results showed these fatty acids were actively incorporated into phospholipids and neutral lipids. The incorporation of labeled fatty acids into phospholipids was markedly stimulated by the addition of glycerol-3-phosphate or lysophosphatidyl choline to the incubation medium. Considerable amounts of fatty acids were incorporated into triglycerides when glycerol-3-phosphate plus high-speed supernatant fraction (S105) was added to the incubation medium, indicating the microsomal fraction requires the S105 for optimum synthesis of triglycerides from glycerol-3-phosphate and fatty acids in swine liver microsomes. As compared to elaidic and stearic acid, however, more oleic acid was incorporated into microsomal phospholipids when glycerol-3-phosphate or lysophosphatidyl choline was added to the incubation medium. The esterification of oleic acid into the triglyceride fraction was higher than those of elaidic and stearic acids in the presence of glycerol-3-phosphate plus S105.

The incorporation of [1-14C]oleic acid and [1-14C]elaidic acid into cell lipids of the swine aortic smooth muscle cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was investigated. The uptake of elaidic acid was higher than that of oleic acid; however, most elaidic acid taken up by aortic smooth muscle cells was kept in an unesterified form. As compared to elaidic acid, significant amounts of oleic acid were incorporated into phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. More labeled oleic acid and elaidic acid was esterified into triglycerides under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. Of individual phospholipid fractions studied, both labeled oleic and elaidic acids were incorporated predominantly into phosphatidylcholine fraction.

Aortic specimens from 111 autopsy and 23 surgical cases were examined by light and electron microscopy. Differential mast cell counts were made of three aortic segments (ascending, thoracic, and abdominal) and layers (intimal, medial, adventitial). The mast cell counts varied considerably from case to case and sector to sector and generally showed no correlation with age, sex, or atherosclerotic severity. However, intimal mast cells were fewer in number in areas of lipid accumulation than in areas of diffuse intimal thickening without lipid accumulation. The reduction in the number of intimal mast cells may play a part in the localization of atherosclerosis.