Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies such as LoRa are key enablers of large-scale IoT monitoring systems, where long communication range and low energy consumption are essential. These advantages, however, come at the cost of strict throughput limitations, which significantly shape IoT system design. Compressive Sensing (CS) can mitigate this constraint by reducing transmitted data volumes, effectively trading communication load for additional processing at the sensing node and receiver. From an IoT perspective, this shift impacts node lifetime, hardware requirements, and overall network scalability. In this paper, we propose a data-driven optimization framework for LoRa-based IoT sensing systems employing CS. The approach jointly analyzes reconstruction quality and energy consumption through surrogate regression models that capture the interaction between physical-layer parameters and compression levels. This enables efficient multi-objective optimization via Pareto-front analysis and utopia-based selection. Results show that CS does not always dominate the quality-energy trade-off and that unified and stratified surrogate strategies identify closely aligned optimal operating points. Overall, the framework provides a practical and interpretable tool for the design of energy-efficient IoT sensing deployments.

The rapid advancement and proliferation of modern communication technologies have introduced a wide range of protocols, offering a compelling framework for investigating their compatibility and performance. Within this context, this paper presents a comprehensive study on decision-making approaches for Vertical Handover (VHO) in heterogeneous wireless networks. Specifically, we analyze several Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) methods, namely SAW, WPM, TOPSIS, and FUZZY, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and the criteria required to achieve the Always Best Connected (ABC) paradigm. Furthermore, we examine the integration of optimization techniques, such as hysteresis, threshold margin, and time-to-trigger, with the aforementioned methods, in order to enhance the efficiency and robustness of the VHO procedure in next-generation wireless environments.

The growing demand for sustainable monitoring solutions has positioned Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) as critical enablers for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). In this work, we propose a centralized optimization framework for LoRa-based IoT networks that jointly tunes the spreading factor, coding rate, and compression factor to balance energy efficiency and data reconstruction quality. A centralized controller dynamically adjusts communication parameters based on environmental conditions and application constraints. We evaluate system performance through extensive simulations under noisy channels. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of centralized orchestration in adapting to channel variability while minimizing the computational burden.

Addressing class imbalance is a significant issue in vision-based internet-of-things, especially when datasets have long-tail distributions, and minority classes might represent rare yet critical events, making this problem crucial. This work presents a comprehensive investigation of a weighting and reweighting approach aimed at addressing class imbalance in long-tail object detection tasks. Specifically, this study examines the effect of the weight shift factor employed in the reweighting phase, analyzes the influence of the weighting strategies on the individual loss components of the object detection model, and proposes a dynamically integrated strategy to shift the weights during model training. In addition, this work assesses the robustness and versatility of the proposed weighting and reweighting strategy by evaluating it across various datasets including aerial object detection (VisDrone-DET dataset) and ground-view long-tail detection (COCO-zipf dataset). Experimental findings utilizing the above datasets indicate that modifying the weight shift parameter proficiently regulates the intensity of weight recalculations. The analysis further indicates that the weighting strategy continues to be robust and effective, even with the dataset having a lower number of classes. Experimental results demonstrate consistent improvements across both datasets, including AP50 gains of up to 2.3 percentage points on VisDrone-DET and 9.9 percentage points on COCO-zipf compared with the corresponding baselines. Finally, deployment measurements on the NVIDIA platform indicate the viability of edge inference a potential candidate for deployment in edge analytics frameworks, including NTN-assisted IoT scenarios.

The integration of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) significantly enhances the efficiency, scalability, and intelligence of distributed sensing systems. However, these networks often encounter severe resource constraints, limiting the control and management traffic that can be introduced. WSNs, typically composed of battery-powered edge sensor nodes with limited computational capabilities, memory, and communication bandwidth, face challenges in optimizing performance. In this work, we address the multiobjective optimization problem within the context of resource-constrained SIoT, aiming to reduce the energy consumption of edge nodes while simultaneously enhancing the quality of the received data based on channel conditions. We propose a Pareto optimization framework to jointly optimize the compression factor and coding rate (CR) in a WSN scenario utilizing Long-Range (LoRa) technology for communication. This framework explores the tradeoffs between energy consumption and data reconstruction quality, leveraging compressive sensing (CS) for efficient data compression to alleviate the transmission load on edge nodes. Furthermore, we present a distributed optimization solution to minimize energy consumption while maximizing data quality, thereby reducing signaling and control overhead. This study contributes to the development of energy-efficient, scalable, and sustainable SIoT systems by providing a foundation for optimizing data transmission in LoRa networks.

Compressive Sensing (CS) has emerged as a modern and alternative signal processing paradigm that challenges the traditional Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem by enabling accurate signal reconstruction from significantly fewer measurements. This paradigm proves particularly valuable in edge-enabled IoT systems, where devices operate under strict constraints in terms of energy, bandwidth, and computational capacity. In this article, we explore the application of CS in edge-enabled IoT scenarios, with a focus on smart infrastructure monitoring. We examine various system architectures and frameworks that leverage AI-based solutions to optimize resource utilization while maintaining high levels of accuracy. However, the mere integration of CS or AI models does not inherently ensure optimal performance. Achieving tangible benefits requires careful co-optimization of communication and computation strategies at the edge, in order to fully harness the energy-saving potential of these technologies in real-world IoT deployments. To this end, the article presents a range of strategies designed to address this challenge, highlighting the effectiveness of combining CS and AI in edge IoT systems and paving the way for more efficient and intelligent resource management in AI-empowered IoT environments.

The convergence of Symbiotic Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) foundational models, and 6G is ushering in a new era of intelligent connectivity, where networks, devices, and algorithms operate in close coordination to enable real-time, adaptive, and efficient systems. In the context of structural health monitoring (SHM), this integrated vision provides a powerful framework to tackle challenges, such as limited resources, harsh environments, and the need for timely, high-fidelity data. By enabling intelligent, collaborative processing across edge and network layers, it supports efficient data compression, transmission, and decision-making-ensuring robust and adaptive monitoring even in complex structural settings. In this work, we investigate the use of AI for data compression in an IoT-based SHM scenario. Specifically, we evaluate and compare the performance of four different convolutional autoencoder (convolutional AEs (CAEs)) in compressing and reconstructing inertial signals collected from various structural systems, aiming to enable adaptive and context-aware processing directly at the edge. By testing across heterogeneous sources, we assess the generalizability and robustness of each CAE model, providing insights into the potential of deep learning-based compression techniques for SHM applications.

This paper explores the complex dynamics of Wi-Fi probe request frames, focusing on their transmission behaviors and the implications for user privacy. As mobile devices become increasingly sophisticated, their capacity for wireless communication presents both opportunities for enhanced connectivity and privacy-related challenges. This study examines critical features of probe request frames and their role in device fingerprinting. We highlight the challenges and advancements in communicating between mobile devices and nearby networks by analyzing the randomization policies employed by various operating systems and their effectiveness in masking device identities. Through comprehensive experiments conducted across multiple mobile devices and operating system versions, we capture and analyze probe request frames under different user-device interaction phases. Our findings indicate variations in transmission frequency and the impact of connection states on broadcasting characteristics. We also investigate the deployed randomization policies in different brands of mobile devices, uncovering their influence on privacy preservation. This research provides notable insights for developing more effective wireless communication approaches, contributing to the broader goal of enhancing user privacy in this field.

The Widespread adoption of randomization in modern operating systems has introduced significant challenges for passive monitoring and user tracking in wireless environments. These challenges are further increased in large-scale environments covered by multiple access points, where associating transmission across zones becomes more complicated. This paper presents a frame association-based approach that enables cross-zone tracking and trajectory reconstruction using Wi-Fi probe request frames. The proposed method correlates transmissions across multiple access points by analyzing a combination of fingerprints. Results show that our approach effectively associates frames transmitted from the same origin, tracks devices across multiple zones, and provides insights into user movement and behavior, such as the type of transitions between zones and the reconstructed trajectory, all while preserving user privacy.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has garnered significant attention in recent years, with the integration of AI solutions and wireless sensing technologies enabling innovative approaches to context awareness and user location. Additionally, Channel State Information (CSI) from WiFi channels is emerging as a key component in next-generation wireless systems. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the sensing capabilities of state-of-the-art CSI tools, namely the Intel 5300 and the ESP32 CSI tools, through extensive experimental tests in a dedicated testbed. The results offer valuable insights into CSI-based techniques, demonstrating their strong potential for activity detection and context aware applications.

In recent years, the increase in the elderly population has placed significant burdens on post-rehabilitation schemes, resulting in high logistical costs and considerable social impacts due to hospitalization or frequent visits. These challenges call for a transformation in the traditional approach to physical patient care, which can be achieved by leveraging the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), particularly through the use of pervasive wearable sensors. When attached to patients during treatment or therapy, these sensors can provide valuable supplementary information to healthcare professionals. When it comes to adopting IoMT technologies, cost efficiency, portability, and generalization are key factors. Specifically, this study aims to enhance the cost-effectiveness and versatility of wearable eHealth monitoring architectures that utilize foot pressure-sensing hardware for the motor assessment of post-stroke and neurologically impaired patients. It leverages lower limb inertial measurement unit sensory information and machine learning to mitigate the reliance on foot pressure-sensing hardware. We demonstrate the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting fine-scale foot pressure using only inexpensive, off-the-shelf motion sensors. We propose a self-supervised, exercise-agnostic asynchronous foot pressure decoding model that does not require human annotation. The algorithm is thoroughly evaluated using appropriate performance metrics, and our experimental tests show promising results.

Drones are integral to various applications, out of which traffic surveillance is an important application. However, their operational efficiency is limited by battery life, which restricts their capacity for extended critical missions. Additionally, in remote or high-interference areas, the bandwidth for drone communication is often limited, leading to a decrease in the quality of images transmitted to the base station. This paper aims to address such challenges by having drones transmit video data in real-time at lower resolutions for traffic monitoring. This approach conserves energy and optimizes transmission. However, it adversely affects object detection accuracy at the base station due to compromised data quality. To address this issue, we incorporate Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to improve LR images, restoring their quality for precise object detection. Results indicate that the accuracy of traffic analytics achieved with GAN-enhanced images is comparable to that obtained with high-resolution data transmission. Consequently, our approach allows a fundamental trade-off among drone energy consumption, transmission time, flight time, and object detection accuracy, enabling robust detection performance while conserving energy and enhancing operational capabilities.

The use of multiple access protocols information in Internet of Things (IoT) environments has gained significant interest over the past decade, particularly for crowd behavior monitoring. Due to its high data rates and low infrastructure requirements, WiFi is considered one of the most promising wireless technologies for leveraging the explosive growth of transmitted data from mobile devices. However, with the introduction of MAC address randomization and the application of new randomization policies on assigning randomized sequence numbers (SNs) to transmitted frames in mobile devices to enhance privacy, traditional approaches to device identification face significant challenges. To tackle this issue, we conduct a comprehensive analysis at the multiple access level and propose CrowdWatch which is an innovative framework designed to enhance the understanding and utilization of MAC randomization dynamics. Additionally, we introduce a novel approach that leverages multiple device-specific features to accurately associate frames with randomized MAC addresses to their corresponding devices. By integrating multimodal fingerprints, the framework can effectively identify mobile devices and track their behavior. The presented approach ensures reliable detection even under the latest randomization policies. We examined the introduced framework through real-world experiments, and the findings prove that it is an effective solution for smart building management and occupancy estimation in dynamic environments.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has revolutionized healthcare by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficiency, and patient monitoring capabilities. This article explores the global architecture of AI-enabled IoMT platforms, emphasizing their foundational frameworks and operational dynamics. Representative case studies across various medical domains illustrate the practical applications and benefits of these platforms in real-world scenarios. Results from extensive testing and validation of these use cases underscore their efficacy and reliability in clinical settings, paving the way for more sophisticated and effective solutions. Furthermore, the article discusses prevalent challenges that impact the widespread adoption of AI-driven IoMT systems. Insights gleaned from this comprehensive analysis provide valuable guidance for researchers, healthcare practitioners, and policymakers navigating the evolving landscape of AI in medical technology.

Enabled by the integration of AI and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), smart and remote monitoring systems are poised to play a pivotal role in the future of healthcare. Specifically, monitoring respiration is a critical component of this evolution, offering a straightforward yet effective method for assessing an individual's health status. In this paper, we introduce an innovative contactless approach to respiration monitoring that leverages Channel State Information (CSI) from Wi-Fi channels. By analyzing variations in the amplitude and phase of CSI data, we infer human respiration patterns. To validate our method, we conducted experiments with multiple subjects in indoor environments, assessing the system's capability to track the respiration cycle and determine breathing frequency. We also compared the performance of various AI algorithms in identifying accurate breath rates. Our findings indicate that the CSI-based system is a promising solution for respiration monitoring, achieving an average accuracy of approximately 84 % in estimating breathing frequency, thus paving the way for future studies to enhance the robustness of the proposed approach.

The integration of Social Internet of Things (SIoT) paradigms with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) offers significant improvements in the efficiency, scalability, and intelligence of distributed sensing systems. However, these networks are often subject to severe resource constraints, particularly at the edge, where sensor nodes are typically battery-powered and limited in computational power, memory, and communication bandwidth. Consequently, the introduction of control and management traffic must be carefully limited to avoid compromising network performance. In this work, we tackle the problem of multi-objective optimization in resource-constrained SIoT environments. Specifically, we aim to reduce the energy consumption of edge sensor nodes while improving the quality of the received data, taking into account the underlying channel conditions. To this end, we propose a distributed optimization strategy that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes data quality, while implicitly reducing the overhead associated with signaling and control messages. This framework explores the trade-offs between energy efficiency and data reconstruction accuracy, leveraging both Compressive Sensing (CS) to effectively reduce the transmission burden, and channel coding techniques to enhance data protection in LoRa-based WSNs.

This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of an Industrial IoT (IIoT) node aimed at monitoring vibrations on various types of structures, such as bridges, lightning rods, and large industrial machinery. The IoT node leverages a ESP32 microcontroller, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and radio communication technology for data transmission. The proposed solution is capable of gathering and transmitting real-time data from accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers via a LoRa interface. In this work we carry out a fine system calibration procedure, to assess the actual features of the IIoT node and provide a thorough experimental analysis of the performance of LoRa technology in complex urban environments performing extensive field tests. This work lays the foundation for the utilization of the IIoT node equipped with LoRa technology in both urban environments and industrial IoT frameworks, highlighting its adaptability and potential for wide-scale applications in these settings.

Mobile devices with enabled Wi-Fi continuously discover nearby access points by broadcasting management frames known as probe requests. This broadcasting leaks fingerprints that can be used to identify the presence and movement of flow in a given area. To protect users' privacy and location, probe requests use randomized MAC addresses generated according to the randomization protocols. In this paper, we analyze the behavior and characteristics of probe request frames across different devices from various vendors, operating systems, and features, as well as the influence of user-device interaction in different phases. In particular, we provide a detailed examination of the adoption of MAC address randomization techniques to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of recent randomization policies and to demonstrate that, despite the OS implementation, there is still potential to utilize open Wi-Fi in different services and development.

Accurate assessment of postural stability is crucial for monitoring patients with movement disorders, as it helps detect early signs of instability and prevent falls. Traditional methods, such as force platforms, are expensive, bulky, and limited to specialized laboratory settings, making them unsuitable for regular clinical screening or continuous home-based monitoring. In this work, we propose a deep learning approach to predict the Center of Pressure (CoP) trajectory using Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data from wearable smart glasses, offering a portable and cost-effective alternative. We use synchronized data from a force platform and a 9-axis IMU sensor to model the relationship between raw IMU signals and CoP force data (Force X and Y). The method involves windowing the IMU data, preprocessing it with low-pass filtering, and applying normalization. The dataset includes sequences from three standing tasks (eyes open, eyes closed, and free stance), captured at a frequency of 100 Hz. Experimental results show that the LSTM and BiLSTM models accurately predict CoP trajectories, achieving low Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and high R2 values. While the TCN and GRU models face certain challenges in achieving the same level of performance as LSTM and BiLSTM, they present valuable insights and potential for future refinement. This approach has the potential to enable real-time, portable balance monitoring and early detection of postural instability, offering a scalable solution for clinical settings and home-based monitoring.

Monitoring patient movements is crucial in various medical applications, including, among others, disease diagnosis, health monitoring, activity detection, and remote rehabilitation. This study is aimed at determining patient balance and potentially estimate the risk of fall by using inertial data collected by a pair of smart glasses equipped with a single IMU. To this purpose, head motion signals and the impact of body movements on their identification to extract high level information based on the analysis of Statistical Features (SF), Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Machine Learning (ML) applied to the multivariate time series of signals collected by the wearable sensing node has been considered. Experimental results show good performance in terms of classification accuracy in identifying a set of head movements, making this preliminary study a promising solution for the development of smart glasses for remote patient monitoring,