Floods occur frequently in China, and watershed floods are caused mainly by intensive rainfall, but the spatial distribution of this rainfall is often very uneven. Thus, a watershed hydrological model that enables a consideration of a heterogeneous spatial distribution of rainfall is needed. In this study, a flood forecasting scheme based on the Liuxihe model is established for the Zaoshi Reservoir. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the model parameters for flood simulation, and the model’s performance is assessed by a comparison with measured flood data. The spatial distributions of rainfall selected for this study are non-uniform, with much greater rainfall in some areas than in others in some cases. Rainfall may be concentrated in the middle of the basin, in the reservoir area, or in the upstream portion of the basin. The Liuxihe-model-based flood inflow forecasting scheme for the Zaoshi Reservoir demonstrates an excellent simulation effect, with an average peak simulation accuracy of 96.3%, an average peak time of 1.042 h early, and an average Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.799. Under the condition of an uneven spatial distribution of rainfall, the Liuxihe model simulates floods well. The PSO algorithm significantly improves the model’s simulation accuracy, and its practical application requires only the selection of a typical flood for parameter optimization. Thus, the flood simulation effect of the Liuxihe model is ideal for the watershed above the Zaoshi Reservoir, and the scheme developed in this study can be applied for operational flood forecasting.

Runoff forecasting is important for water resource management. Although deep learning models have substantially improved the accuracy of runoff prediction, the temporal and feature dependencies between rainfall–runoff time series elements have not been effectively exploited. In this work, we propose a new hybrid deep learning model to predict hourly streamflow: SA-CNN-LSTM (self-attention, convolutional neural network, and long short-term memory network). The advantages of CNN and LSTM in terms of data extraction from time series data are combined with the self-attention mechanism. By considering interdependences of the rainfall–runoff sequence between timesteps and between features, the prediction performance of the model is enhanced. We explored the performance of the model in the Mazhou Basin, China; we compared its performance with the performances of LSTM, CNN, ANN (artificial neural network), RF (random forest), SA-LSTM, and SA-CNN. Our analysis demonstrated that SA-CNN-LSTM demonstrated robust prediction with different flood magnitudes and different lead times; it was particularly effective within lead times of 1–5 h. Additionally, the performance of the self-attention mechanism with LSTM and CNN alone, respectively, was improved at some lead times; however, the overall performance was unstable. In contrast, the hybrid model integrating CNN, LSTM, and the self-attention mechanism exhibited better model performance and robustness. Overall, this study considers the importance of temporal and feature dependencies in hourly runoff prediction, then proposes a hybrid deep learning model to improve the performances of conventional models in runoff prediction.

Orogenic-type deposits are widely developed in the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ) of Iran, but few studies were done on the gold metallogeny in the southern SSZ. Here, we conducted fluid inclusion (FI) studies on the auriferous quartz veins from the Zartorosht deposit, in order to unravel the ore-fluid nature and key controls on ore element transport and deposition. Vein-type gold mineralization at Zartorosht is hosted along E-W-trending normal faults in greenschist-facies metamorphic rocks. Fluid inclusion analysis of the main-ore stage quartz suggests that the ore-forming fluids belong to the H2O-NaCl-CO2 system, with homogenization temperatures of 230-290 degrees C and salinities of 3-7 wt% NaCl eqv., resembling that of typical orogenic gold deposits. The ore-forming fluids display a mixed metamorphic-mantle source based on multi-isotope evidence: 1) the ore-fluid delta DV-SMOW (-69.8 to -45.1 parts per thousand), delta O-18(H2O-SMOW) (2.3-6.0 parts per thousand), and delta(CV)-C-13-PDB (-21.1 to -6.2 parts per thousand) values are similar to mantle-derived fluids; 2) the ore-fluids have high He-3/He-4 (2.51-8.00 Ra) and Ar-40/Ar-36 (296-389) values, suggesting that mantle-derived gases were trapped inside the FIs; 3) calculation suggests that mantle-derived helium in the FIs accounts for (average) 8.34% of the total helium. Consequently, we propose that the Zartorosht gold mineralization is of orogenic-type. The decreasing pressure trend from early- to late-ore stage and the microfracture-filling gold occurrence suggest that temperature and pressure drop is the key trigger for gold deposition. Integrated with previous studies, we demonstrate that the ore-forming fluids were likely produced during the Cenozoic extension and post-peak metamorphism of the Zagros orogeny. Crustal-scale ductile shearing may have allowed the mantle-derived fluids to ascend into their secondary brittle structures, where the ores were precipitated in fracture-filling auriferous sulfide-quartz veins, forming the Zartorosht Au deposit.

China experiences one of the most frequent flood disasters in the world. Establishing accurate and reliable flood prediction program is the key to deal with flood disasters. Nanshui Reservoir Basin, in southern China, belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, with more rain in spring, concentrated rainstorm in summer and typhoon storm in autumn. Floods at dam site are mostly small and medium-sized floods with steep rise and slow fall as typical mountain flood. In order to explore the applicability of Liuxihe model in flood prediction of Nanshui Reservoir, this paper builds up Liuxihe model for Nanshui Reservoir based on DEM, land use and soil type data, and selects a typical flood event to optimize the parameters using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and verifies the accuracy of the model by simulating the other floods. Liuxihe model established in this paper indicates a satisfactory performance for flood prediction for Nanshui Reservoir, which can meet the accuracy requirement of flood prediction. Finally, the effects of different river grading and PSO algorithm on flood prediction are discussed. The results show that the PSO algorithm can obviously improve the accuracy of the Liuxihe model for flood forecast in Nanshui Reservoir. The simulation based on four-level channel grading has better results than that based on three-level channel, which indicates increased peak flood value, delayed peak time and closer simulation to the measured value.

The Mazhala Au-Sb and Shalagang Sb deposits are two typical orogenic deposits in the southern Tibet Au-Sb metallogenic belt in the Himalayan orogeny. At Mazhala, the gold- and stibnite-bearing quartz vein orebodies are hosted in Lower to Middle Jurassic Lure Formation. Minerals comprising the ore are native gold, stibnite, quartz and carbonate. At Shalagang, the host rocks are Lower Cretaceous Duojiu Formation and gabbro body. Orebodies consist mainly of stibnite-bearing quartz veins. Minerals comprising the ore are stibnite, cinnabar, valentinite, quartz and trace amount of carbonate. Three types of primary and/or pseudosecondary fluid inclusions were recognized in quartz and/or stibnite from the ore vein of the both deposits : type I aqueous inclusions, type II CO2- aqueous inclusions and type III hydrocarbon inclusions. The microthermometric results show the mineralization temperatures are from 160 degrees C to 280 degrees C for Mazhala, and from 140 degrees C to 240 degrees C for Shalagang. Isotopic rations of He and Ar show, at Mazhala, He-3/He-4 of inclusion fluids in stibnites and quartzs from gold- and stibnite-bearing quartz vein, and pyrites from sedimentary sulfide layer are low, varying from 0. 01382Ra to 0. 05642Ra and 0. 03353Ra to 0. 08744Ra, respectively, Ar-40/Ar-36 varies widely, from 346. 8 to 4770. 1 and from 349.4 to 2689. 1; at Shalagang, He-3/He-4 of inclusion fluids in stibnites are also low, varying from 0. 02385Ra to 0. 11488Ra, Ar-40/Ar-36 varies narrowly, from 300. 6 to 537. 5. Contrasting with a certain amount of mantle volatile involvement in ore fluid of orogenic gold deposits in the southern Tibet Au-Sb metallogenic belt, there are no occurrence of mantle component in ore-forming fluid of Mazhala Au-Sb and Shalagang Sb deposits. The ore-forming fluid for Mazhala and Shalagang consisted of a mixture of crustal metamorphic fluid and modified air-saturated water, and predominantly modified air-saturated water with involvement of crustal metamorphic fluid, respectively.

The Shalagang antimony deposit is the most representative antimony deposit of gold-antimony ore-forming belt in southern Tibet, China. A microthermometric study using infrared microscopy was performed on fluid inclusions hosted in stibnite and symbiotic quartz, in order to directly characterize physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluid from Shalagang antimony deposit. Results of infrared microthermometric measurement show that fluid inclusions hosted in stibnite have homogenitation temperatures values of 134. 9 similar to 221.9 degrees C, with a peak of 160 similar to 190 degrees C, salinity values of 1.65% ues of 0. 879 - 0. 958g/cm(2), with an average of 0. 934g/cm'; fluid inclusions hosted in symbiotic quartz have homogenitation temperatures values of 142. 5 similar to 205. 6 degrees C, with a peak of 160 similar to 190 degrees C, salinity values of 2. 31% similar to 6. 96% NaCleqv,, with a peak of 4. 0% similar to 6. 0% NaGleqv,, and density values of 0. 910 similar to 0. 947g/cm(2), with an average of 0. 929g/cm(3). Comparative study indicates that stibnite and symbiotic quartz from Shalagang antimony deposit formed in the same physicochemical conditions and capture the same ore-forming fluids. With Laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions hosted in symbiotic quartz, it shows that the oreforming fluids of the Shalagang antimony deposit is a NaCl-H2O fluid system which is characterized by low homogenization temperature, low salinity, low density and trace CO2, N-2 and IH4 gases. The boiling of ore-forming fluid is the dominant factor for stibnite deposition.

Acta Geologica Sinica - English EditionVolume 88, Issue s2 p. 788-789 Meeting Abstracts Bangbu: the Largest Cenozic Orogenic Gold Deposit in Southern Tibet, China Xiaoming SUN, Corresponding Author Xiaoming SUN School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaCorresponding author. E-mail: eessxm@mail.sysu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorHuixiao WEI, Huixiao WEI School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWei ZHAI, Wei ZHAI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorFeng ZHOU, Feng ZHOU School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorGuiyong SHI, Guiyong SHI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYeheng LIANG, Yeheng LIANG School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorRuwei MO, Ruwei MO School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiangguo ZHANG, Xiangguo ZHANG Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJianzhou YI, Jianzhou YI Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Xiaoming SUN, Corresponding Author Xiaoming SUN School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaCorresponding author. E-mail: eessxm@mail.sysu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorHuixiao WEI, Huixiao WEI School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorWei ZHAI, Wei ZHAI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorFeng ZHOU, Feng ZHOU School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorGuiyong SHI, Guiyong SHI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYeheng LIANG, Yeheng LIANG School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorRuwei MO, Ruwei MO School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiangguo ZHANG, Xiangguo ZHANG Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJianzhou YI, Jianzhou YI Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12375_54Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume88, Issues2Special Issue: Meeting Abstracts: The 14th Quadrennial International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium. August 19–22, 2014, Kunming, ChinaDecember 2014Pages 788-789 RelatedInformation

The southern Tibet Au-Sb metallogenic belt in the Himalayan orogen consists of more than 50 gold, gold-antimony and antimony lode deposits, and associated placer gold deposit. The deposits are hosted in a Mesozoic metamorphosed turbidite sequence of the Indian passive continental margin. The Zhemulang Au deposit, Mazhala Au-Sb deposit, and Shalagang Sb deposit are three typical examples of such epizonal orogenic deposits. At Zhemulang, gold-bearing quartz veins occur in the Upper Triassic Songre Formation, consisting of carbonaceous phyllite and slate. Ore minerals are native gold, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, and limonite. At Mazhala, the gold- and stibnite-bearing quartz vein orebodies are hosted in Lower to Middle Jurassic slate, interlayered with metastandstone, metasiltstone, and limestone of the Lure Formation. Ore minerals are native gold, stibnite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, and trace amount of cinnabar. At Shalagang, the host rocks are Lower Cretaceous sandstone, siltstone, muddy limestone, and chert of the Duojiu Formation. Orebodies consist mainly of stibnite-bearing quartz veins and locally altered fault breccia. Ore minerals are stibnite, cinnabar, valentinite [Sb2O3], limonite, and trace amount of pyrite, arsenopyrite, and realgar. For the three deposits, the wallrock alteration has produced the minerals silica, carbonates, white mica, sulfide and chlorite. The three deposits have a similar element associations, but with a few slight variations. The Zhemulang, Mazhala, and Shalagang deposits, in order of element enrichments relative to crustal abundance, are anomalous in Au, Sb, Te, Bi, As, Pb, Ag, and W; Sb, Au, Te, As, Pb, Bi, Ag and W, to Sb, Te, As, Au, Hg, W, Pb, and Ag, respectively, and all depleted in Cu, Zn, Sn, and Mo.Various aqueous, carbonic, and hydrocarbon fluid inclusions were recognized in quartz and/or stibnite at the three deposits. These include type la one-phase aqueous inclusions, type 1b two-phase aqueous inclusions, type 2a carbonic inclusions, type 2b aqueous-carbonic inclusion, and rare type 3 hydrocarbon inclusions that include two-phase hydrocarbon inclusions (type 3a) and dark one-phase hydrocarbon inclusions (type 3b). The three deposits have the similar low-salinity H2O-CO2-CH4-N2 ore fluids with trace amounts of hydrocarbons. For the Zhemulang, Mazhala, and Shalagang deposits, the salinities of aqueous inclusion range mainly between 3.3 and 6.4 wt.% NaCl equiv., 2.5 and 4.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. and 4.1 and 6.4 wt.% NaCl equiv., respectively. The ore-forming temperatures vary mainly from 180 to 320 degrees C, 160 to 300 degrees C and 140 to 240 degrees C, respectively. The estimated mineralization depths are 4 to 6 km, 3 to 5 km, and 1 to 4 km of the epizonal environment, respectively. The different mineralization temperatures and pressures led to the different element enrichments at the three deposits.For the Zhemulang, Mazhala and Shalagang deposits, ore fluid isotopic compositions are delta D-H2O - 107.5 to -36.7 parts per thousand and delta O-18(fluid) 2.8 to 8.2 parts per thousand, delta D-H2O -119.0 to -72.7 parts per thousand and delta O-18(fluid) 7.5 to 16.2 parts per thousand, and delta D-H2O -173.4 to -139.2 parts per thousand and delta O-18(fluid) 7.5 to 12.3 parts per thousand, respectively; delta C-13(fluid) values are -11.7 to -9.6 parts per thousand, -3.5 to -2.5 parts per thousand, and -6.5 to -5.1 parts per thousand, respectively; and delta S-34 values are -4.0 to -1.1 parts per thousand, -0.8 to 2.3 parts per thousand, and -3.9 to 2.1 parts per thousand, respectively. The ore-forming fluids were partly derived from metamorphic devolatilization of immediate or deeper level country rocks, with a deposit's corresponding metamorphic degree controlling the fluid PTX. The ore-forming fluid for Zhemulang, Mazhala, and Shalagang consisted of predominantly metamorphic water with minor involvement of meteoric water, a mixture of metamorphic fluid and meteoric water, and predominantly meteoric water, respectively. Ore metals were derived from country rocks, including synsedimentary Sedex-like sulfide layers in the Jurassic strata observed at the Mazhala Au-Sb deposit. Among three deposits, the variation of delta C-13(fluid) and delta S-34 reflects the fact that the Zhemulang Au deposit formed from a relatively high content of organic carbon and low f(O2) fluid, the Mazhala Au-Sb deposit from a relatively low content of organic carbon and high f(O2) fluid, and the Shalagang Sb deposit from an intermediate content of organic carbon and f(O2) fluid. Fluid immiscibility was the main mechanism for ore metal precipitation at all three deposits. The vertical zonation of Au, Au-Sb, and Sb mineralization suggests that additional gold resources may exist below the antimony or gold-antimony orebodies. Stream sediment and soil geochemical surveys and the occurrence of placer gold prospects are effective for identifying areas of orogenic gold and antimony deposits in the Himalayan and other orogens. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acta Geologica Sinica - English EditionVolume 88, Issue s2 p. 860-861 Meeting Abstracts Helium and Argon Isotope Geochemistry of Ore-Forming Fluids in Zhemulang Gold Deposit in Southern Tibet, China Feng ZHOU, Feng ZHOU School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaoming SUN, Corresponding Author Xiaoming SUN School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaCorresponding author. E-mail: zhoufeng@mail2.sysu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorWei ZHAI, Wei ZHAI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiangguo ZHANG, Xiangguo ZHANG Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJianzhou YI, Jianzhou YI Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Feng ZHOU, Feng ZHOU School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiaoming SUN, Corresponding Author Xiaoming SUN School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaCorresponding author. E-mail: zhoufeng@mail2.sysu.edu.cnSearch for more papers by this authorWei ZHAI, Wei ZHAI School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiangguo ZHANG, Xiangguo ZHANG Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJianzhou YI, Jianzhou YI Geological Survey of Tibet Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Lhasa 851400 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 December 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12375_88Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume88, Issues2Special Issue: Meeting Abstracts: The 14th Quadrennial International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium. August 19–22, 2014, Kunming, ChinaDecember 2014Pages 860-861 RelatedInformation