本文以某居民楼为研究对象,构建风、光、天然气互补的冷热电三联供系统.利用DeST软件模拟用户全年逐时冷、热、电负荷,按照负荷规律将全年划分为供暖期、供冷期和过渡期三个阶段.引入差分进化算法,从能源、经济和环境三个方面对装机容量配置和设备出力配置进行多目标优化.计算优化配置模型的项目收益率及回收期,并进行敏感性分析.研究表明,与传统供能系统相比,所得配置模型下的系统能源利用率更高,具有较好的经济和环境效益.

结合2002年电力体制改革至今的15年电力发展成果和当今形势,以历史和世界视角,对"十三五"后半程及展望2035年新能源投资思路提出初步思考.

为使电网制定更合理的调度计划,提高风电的并网容量,需要精确的模型进行短期风功率预测.为达到此目的,本文将偏航角度、浆距角等参数纳入神经网络进行建模分析,以河南某风场10台1.5 MW风机3个月的数据为研究对象,分别采用风资源作为参数,风资源和偏航角度作为参数,风资源、偏航角度和浆距角作为参数的三种情况下预测分析.在三种情况下,采用风资源、偏航角度、浆距角作为输入参数的模型预测结果的标准均方根误差NRMSE为3.20％、平均绝对误差MAE为360 kW,分别比仅采用风资源作为参数进行预测的数值下降了62.7％和60.6％.由此表明,采用风资源、偏航角度和浆距角作为参数的预测精度最高,作为神经网络输入参数进行风功率预测更为合理.

我国太阳能资源丰富,开发利用太阳能是提高可再生能源应用比重,调整能源结构的重要抓手.《国家能源“十二五”规划》中明确提出,坚持集中与分散开发利用并举,以风能、太阳能、生物质能利用为重点,大力发展可再生能源,到2015年,全国太阳能发电装机规模将达到2100万千瓦. 中电投集团公司坚持“开发与并购并举”、“集中与分散开发并重”策略,重点发展光资源丰富区域项目及已出台支持太阳能发电政策省区项目、国家示范项目,2012年底中电投集团太阳能发电容量累计57.3万千瓦,占全国光伏装机比例为13.66％,建设了荒漠电站、屋顶光伏电站、风光互补及渔光互补等多种形式电站,远远领先于国内其他大型发电企业和能源企业.

As a guarantee of life quality, older people’s travel demand has to be satisfied, so understanding their travel demand is important. An important point to bear in mind is that older people are not a homogeneous group but that distinguishing between older women and older men in their mobility needs and travel patterns is necessary. Older people’s travel demand needs to be investigated from many different aspects, including trip generation, travel time, and mode choice. In this study, the investigation is focused on older people’s trip chaining, including trip chain complexity, tour composition in a chain.

To determine the main scheme of Langfang IGCC heat-electricity coordinated supply,taking Datong coal as sample,investigate the dry process pulverized coal gasification technology(represented by Shell) and wet process coal water slurry gasification technology(represented by GE).The CCS system configurations of these two technology have been studied,also have determined the suitable extraction point in small-scale tests.Analyze the shift process applied to Shell and GE full heat recovery process syngas,recommend a suitable shift process for low vapor-gas ratio shift technology and NHD decarbonization and desulfurization purification technology.Finally,analyze the model of IGCC + CCS process,the impact of CSS system on efficiency of IGCC power plant is analyzed,the power generation and power supply efficiency of Shell program decline more than that of GE program after decarbonization,but the former is still higher than the latter,just the scale of height is lower compared to no decarburization.

In IGCC system,the syngas from gasifier have a high temperature.Rational recovery of this part of energy will help to improve the efficiency of the IGCC system.By analyzing the operating status of the existing syngas coolers,this paper proposes the partly sensible heat recovery method,and establish the sensible heat recovery process,sensible heat partly recovery process and quench process of IGCC system using Aspen Plus software.The influence of partly sensible heat recovery process on IGCC system performance was obtained.An evaluation on the influence of these three processes on IGCC system was analyzed finally.

The process model of semi-sensible heat recovery unit combined with shift reaction unit was set up using Aspen Plus.The effects of the temperature at the outlet of the syngas cooler on the efficiency of the system and on the shift reaction conversion rate were studied.It was indicated that with the increase of the outlet temperature,the heat obtained by the syngas cooler reduced,but the heat to heating syngas and reaction has gone up.The rate of reaction conversion has also risen when the temperature out of waste heat boiler increased.So this process can be able to adjust the reaction conversion rate,and at the same time to keep the high efficiency.

The gasification tests were performed on a Lurgi gasifier by using the lignite as the gasified fuel,whereas the original designed fuel of this gasifier is bituminous coal.According to the data obtained from the optimized tests,the optimum conditions under specialized coal types were determined,and the optimum gasification courses were researched under these conditions.It was indicated that lignite gasification is possible on gasifier with bituminous coal as the originally designed fuel,but some special measurements to the practical fuel were necessary during the gasification.

ABSTRACT Special transport services (STS) are an important and increasingly popular way to meet the travel demand of those with mobility impairments which could not be satisfied by mainstream public transport. STS are frequently expensive to the service operator but often allow for the social inclusion of a population group previously homebound. In this paper, five special transport schemes available in the London Borough of Camden are described, in particular the “ScootAbility” scheme, which provides mobility scooters and electric wheelchairs on loan. Advantages and drawbacks of all schemes are outlined and possible improvements are discussed. Further the user uptake of the ScootAbility scheme is analyzed through focus group discussions as well as travel diaries. The results are encouraging as they suggest that ScootAbility can fill in some gaps of previously unmet travel demand. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications and suggesting that complex travel needs of an aging population can only be met by providing a multi-modal approach to STS, which needs to be co-ordinated in order to be sustainable.

This paper examines the trip chaining complexity of individuals in London. We adopt two definitions of trip chaining. One based on a 30 min dwell time rule and a second based on home-to-home tours. Our focus is on the complexity of the trip chains as measured by the number of stops on a given tour. The analysis uses the London Area Travel Survey and examines the factors associated with trip chaining for people aged over 65. A comparison with those aged under 65 reveals that older people on average make more complex tours when the 30 min dwell time rule is applied as opposed to when the home-to-home definition is applied. It is further shown that the anchor points of the tour are critical for determining tour complexity, suggesting the usefulness of the 30 min definition. Our analysis also suggests that older people reduce total home-to-home tours by combining different trips into single tours. Through descriptive analysis and ordered probit regression models we examine how reported levels of disability affect their trip chaining and we examine household demographic characteristics as well as proxies for accessibility, such as local population density. The analysis shows that disabilities do not necessarily lead to reduced tour complexity except when walking difficulties become so severe that independent travel is not possible. We suggest that tour complexity might further increase in the future, for example as the spread of mobile phone usage appears to have a further positive influence on tour complexity. Implications for land-use and transport planning are discussed.

A novel air cyclone gasifier of rice husk has been used to obtain experimental data for air staged gasification. Three positions and five ratios of secondary air were selected to study effect of the secondary air on the temperature profile in the gasifier and quality of syngas. Temperature profile and the syngas component are found to be strongly influenced by the injection position and ratio of the secondary air. Generally, gas temperature in all conditions increased at the early stage of reaction, and then decreased in the reduction zone where reactions were endothermic. The peak temperature in the gasifier changed with the injection positions and ratios of the secondary air, which could be as high as 1056 degrees C. The concentration Of CO2, CO, H-2 and CH4 increased with the secondary air while the O-2 concentration remained constant. The syngas component exhibited different laws when the secondary air ratio was changed. It was also shown that the optimum condition was that the secondary air was injected in the oxidization zone at a secondary air ratio of about 31%. Under that condition, the fuel gas production was 1.30 Nm(3)/kg, the low heating value of the syngas was 6.7 MJ/Nm(3), the carbon conversion rate was 92.2% and the cold gas efficiency of the gasifier was 63.2%. The tar content of the syngas was also studied in this paper. It decreased from 4.4 g/m(3) for gasification without the secondary air to 1.6 g/m(3) for gasification with the secondary air injected in the oxidization zone. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this paper, effects of the equivalence ratio (ER) and the secondary air on the gasification system were studied. The results indicate that as the ER varies in the range of 0.20-0.26, the low heating value (LHV) of the producer gas is in the range of 3.64-5.76 MJ/Nm(3), the carbon conversion is 55%-67% and the cold gas efficiency of the gasification system is 33%-47%. In contrast to the gasification without the secondary air, air staged process is a gasification method capable of increasing the LHV of the producer gas from 4.63 to 5.67 MJ/Nm(3), the carbon conversion from 65.5% to 81.2%, and the cold gas efficiency of the gasifier from 42.5% to 56.87%, while the tar content of the producer gas decreases from 13.96 to 5.6g/Nm(3). There exists an optimum ratio of the secondary air.

The experimental results of air gasification of rice husk in the cyclone gasifier were presented at the fuel rate of 20.1 kg/h. With the equivalence ratios varied in the range of 0.21–0.32, the heating value of the producer gas decreases from 6.98 MJ/Nm3 to 3.11 MJ/Nm3 and the cold gas efficiency decreases from 64% to 31%. However, the tar content in the prouder gas decreases with the increase of the equivalence ratio. The rice husk and ash were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis. The outer surface of the fuel particle which is of scale structure does not change basically during the gasification. The pyrolyzed gas is mainly released from the inner surface of the fuel particle.

Entering the 21st century, one of the most significant demographic changes in developed countries is the aging of the population. Travel is an important aspect of older people's economic well-being, so with the aging of the population, improving transport for older people is increasingly important. This article presents the results of a study of older people's travel behaviour based largely but not exclusively on LATS (London Area Travel Survey) 2001 data. The focus is on older people's trip chaining behaviour, including trip chain complexity, trip purpose sequence and mode choice in a chain. After identifying the policy implications it looks at the role of Special Transport Services in improving the supply of transport for older people, taking the London Borough of Camden as a case study.

Experiments were performed in an entrained flow reactor to better understand the characteristics of biomass gasification. Rice husk was used in this study. Effects of the gasification temperature (700, 800, 900 and 1000°C) and the equivalence ratio in the range of 0.22∼0.34 on the biomass gasification and the axial gas distribution in the reactor were studied. The results showed that reactions of CnHm were less important in the gasification process except cracking reactions which occurred at higher temperature. In the oxidization zone, reactions between char and oxygen had a more prevailing role. The optimal gasification temperature of the rice husk could be above 900°C, and the optimal value of ER was 0.25. The gasification process was finished in 1.42s when the gasification temperature was above 800°C. A first order kinetic model was developed for describing rice husk air gasification characteristics and the relevant kinetic parameters were determined.

Special transport services are an important and increasingly popular way to meet older people's travel demand which could not be satisfied by mainstream public transport. In this paper, five special transport schemes available in the London Borough of Camden are described, in particular the pilot scheme ®ScootAbility. This scheme provides Personal Electric Vehicles - scooters or electric wheelchairs on loan. The user uptake of the scheme is analyzed through focus group analysis as well as travel diaries. The user advantages and disadvantages for all schemes are outlined and possible improvements of the scheme are discussed.

在稻壳旋风空气气化的试验中,通过对气化反应过程中的各个阶段进行取样分析,跟踪燃气中几种主要成分的生成过程,了解稻壳空气气化的反应机理.通过试验了解到:稻壳旋风空气气化过程中,化学反应没有明确分区,氧化反应是个持续过程,随着挥发分的析出便已开始,一直到氧气完全消耗掉、温度达到最高;高碳氢化合物(焦油)的裂解反应贯穿整个气化过程;气化燃气中的主要成分(CO、H2、CH4)是在还原反应阶段产生的.