GeneXpert MTB/RIF has revolutionized the tuberculosis diagnosis by simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to RIF (rifampicin), a surrogate marker for multidrug-resistant TB in less than two hours. The RIF-resistance pattern in Balochistan, Pakistan, is not documented. This study was aimed to detect RIF-resistant TB and mutations in RNA polymerase beta (rpoB) gene of M. tuberculosis within 81-bp RRDR in Quetta, Pakistan using GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. In total, 2300 clinical specimens were collected from suspected TB patients at Fatima Jinnah General and Chest Hospital Quetta, Pakistan between January and August 2017. These specimens were analyzed by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Out of 2300 clinical specimens, M. tuberculosis was positive in in 899 (39.1%) cases by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay [positive respiratory cases 42.9% (871/2032) and non-respiratory 10.4% (28/268) with statistically significant difference (χ2= 104.5, p<0.001)]. Among 899 MTB positive cases, 46 (5.1%) were RIF-resistance caused by various rpoB gene mutations within 81-bp RRDR. Most of the RIF-resistant isolates were observed to harbor mutationsin Probe E 78.3% (n=36) whereas mutations in Probe A, B, D were observed 2.2% (n=1), 4.3% (n=2), and 6.5% (n=3), respectively. However, none of cases had RIF-resistance associated with Probe C. Out of 46 RRD cases, 21 (45.7 %) were males and 25 (54.3 %) were females. Additionally, Xpert® test showed higher detection rate than fluorescent microscopy (39.1% vs 31.2%, P<0.05) and detected MTB in 186 (11.8%) smear-negative specimens. Among 42 confirmed TB patients had MDR contact and eight patients were co-infected with HIV. In conclusion, 5.1% of the TB patients showed rifampicin resistance. The most frequent rpoB genetic mutations were observed in codons 531/533 (Probe E, 78.3%) whereas the least within the sequence 511 (Probe A, 2.2%).

Infectious coryza (IC) is a severe upper respiratory tract disease of birds. This research was aimed to study different aspects of Avibacterium paragallinarum causing IC in commercial birds. A total of 1000 samples were collected from IC suspected or recently dead birds. Results showed that 80.40% of the samples were positive for A. paragallinarum. All the isolates of A. paragallinarum produced the predicted size of 500 bp amplicons of HPG2 gene on PCR. The percentages of positive samples infected with infectious coryza in commercial birds were: 19.2% for layers, 18.4% for broilers, 16.0% for quails, 15.8% for chukars and 11.0% for pigeons. Among positive cases, serotype A was 24%, serotype B was 29% and serotype C was 27.40%. The isolates of A. paragallinarum were growing well at 35-37 oC, however, growth rate was declined at 24 oC, and 42 oC. Similarly, A. paragallinarum showed optimal growth between pH 5 and 9, but the superlative pH growth values were from 6 to 8 pH. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that all tested isolates displayed resistance against Metronidazole, Colistin sulphate, Bacitracin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol and Lincomycine, while they were found susceptible to Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin. Investigation of IC in commercial birds will certainly help the diagnosis of the disease, which causes considerable economic loss to the farmers. The current study was designed to report on the incidence of IC caused A. paragallinarum, frequency of occurrence of its serotypes and drug susceptibility pattern. This study will also alert poultry professionals about the disease and help determine specific medication as well as formulate prevention and control strategies.

Water and soil have been reported as the pivotal reservoirs for Listeria monocytogenes and its subsequent transmission to food chain, plant material and animals. In present study, 800 food samples consisting of beef and chicken meat, milk, salads and fresh vegetables were collected from retail markets of Quetta, Pakistan. Multiplex PCR was employed to identify the prevalent species and genes associated with virulence. Only 10 (1.25%) samples were found contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Milk samples were the most contaminated as 4 samples collected from retail shops or dairy farm were found positive for Listeria. While 2 samples of each beef, chicken meat and salad were contaminated with Listeria. The virulent genes inlA, inlB, prfA, hlyA, actA, plcA and iap were detected in all 10 positive samples for Listeria. The positive samples inventories were analyzed and were found that water used to wash the meat and vegetables was contaminated with Listeria. This study concludes that better hygienic measures should be adopted to keep the food material germ free.

Objectives: Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infections occurring at all ages and both sexes. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance is a global concern. The use of routinely used antibiotics is resulting in treatment failure. The objective of this study was to diagnose the urinary tract infections by routine culture sensitivity test and by molecular methods. Methods: This study was conducted in Microbiology laboratory, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, from July 1st to 31st March 2019. Isolates were identified biochemically by API20E & API20NE. Antibiogram was performed using disc diffusion Kirby Bauer technique. The 16S rDNA gene approach was used for molecular identification of bacterial isolates. The presence of the blaNDM-1 gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: We isolated 146 bacterial isolates namely Escherichia coli (n=99) 67.80%, Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=33) 22.60%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=11) 7.53% and Proteus mirabilis (n=3) 2.05% from 2032 urine samples. The resistance pattern was dominated by Multi Drug Resistance (MDR). Remarkably, four isolates of Escherichia coli (n=3) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1) were displaying resistance against a range of antibiotics used in the study, including carbapenems but sensitive to tigecycline and polymyxins only, suggesting extensive drug resistance having bla NDM-1 gene. Conclusion: This is the first report on direct molecular detection of bacterial pathogens from urinary tract infected patients in Balochistan. The presence of blaNDM-1 in different bacterial species and their extensive drug resistance pattern poses a significant clinical threat. Molecular detection of bacteria and resistant gene may reduce the diagnostic time of patients.

In this study, an attempt was made at predicting the values of selected reproductive parameters in Harnai sheep using different data mining algorithms (artificial neural networks - ANN, classification and regression trees - CART, chi-square automatic interaction detector - CHAID and multivariate adaptive regression splines - MARS) and indicating the most influential predictors of these traits. A total of 382 reproduction records including three predictors (month of lambing - MOL, age at first lambing - AFL and lambing weight - LW) and seven dependent (output) variables (services per conception - SPC, service period - SP, lambing interval - LI, twinning rate - TR, gestation length - GL, breeding efficiency - BE and fertility rate - FR) were used. A 10-fold cross-validation was applied to train and evaluate the models. The highest correlation coefficients (r) were found for LI (0.18 - 0.29; P <= 0.001), GL (0.05 - 0.21; P <= 0.001 to P>0.05) and FR (0.11 - 0.26; P <= 0.001 to P <= 0.05). For the remaining output variables, it was usually lower than 0.10. The smallest values of SDratio (0.96 - 1.06) were found for LI, GL and FR. For the rest of the output variables, it was usually above 1.00. The measures of predictor importance to ANN, CART, CHAID and MARS were generally low. In conclusion, the applied method of reproductive parameters prediction was rather ineffective, indicating that more powerful input variables are required to obtain better prediction results.

Rhizobia are the true bacteria that establish symbiotic relationship leading to the development of new root nodules. This study has been designed to evaluate the microbiological aspects of Rhizobium leguminosarum in target area. A total of 1000 (200 from each site) roots were collected from five different agriculture fields (Quetta, Pishin, Killa Abdulla, Kuchlak and Hanna Urak) and screened through different standard microbiological procedures. Results revealed that 665/1000 (66.5%) roots samples were positive for Rhizobium leguminosarum. The highest percentage was from Pishin 180/200 (18%) and Killa Abdullah 160/200 (16%). A remarkable growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum was noted at 28 to 30°C whereas, less growth was recorded at 24, 34 and 42°C. Similarly, Rhizobium leguminosarum showed growth at pH 5 to 10, but superlative pH values for the growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum were from 6 to 8 pH. The PCR reconfirmed 1300 bp band of 16S rRNA gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum. The organism was further applied as biofertilizer and showed promising results in subjected plants. Medicinal plants application showed that Rhizobium leguminosarum was sensitive to different plants. However, the effects of insecticides showed that Cypermethrin exhibited least zone of inhibition 10 and 11 mm, while Chlorpyrifos showed least zone of inhibition 14 and 17 mm by using disc and well method with (1: 16) dilution. These findings ensure the devastation of microbiota in rhizosphere with rational use of these pesticides that may result in adverse effects over crop productions in the region.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from retail chicken meat. The identification of Campylobacter isolates and the presence of virulence factor were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, clove oil, cinnamon, and turmeric extracts were evaluated for the antimicrobial potential against Campylobacter isolates. Out of 200 chicken meat samples, 80 (40%) samples were found contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni. Antibacterial susceptibility testing indicated that out of 80 isolates 60 (75%) were resistant to tetracycline followed by 31 (38.75%) to ciprofloxacin, 12 (15%) to ampicillin, 8 (10%) to erythromycin, and 2 (2.5%) were resistant to chloramphenicol. Clove oil and cinnamon extract showed antibacterial potential against Campylobacter isolates. Furthermore, all the 80 isolates (100%) were found positive for virulence genes (cadF, flaA, and dnaJ). The presence of antibacterial resistance and virulence factors in C. jejuni highlighted the risk associated with retail poultry meat.

عرفت الجزائر جهودا كثيرة لتطوير المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، وتوسع نطاق هذه الجهود ليشمل المستوى التشريعي والتنظيمي، فضلا عن اعتماد عدة سياسات لتعزيز مساهمة هذه المؤسسات في التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، لذا تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على ثمار هذه الجهود من خلال رصد تطور هذه المؤسسات من جهة، وإبراز تأثير هذا التطور على دورها الاقتصادي والاجتماعي من جهة أخرى

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a chronic debilitating infectious disease causing a severe challenge to public health, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to examine genetic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred isolates collected from patients visiting the Fatima Jinnah TB Hospital in Quetta were subjected to genotype analysis by spoligotyping. Results: Three main genotypes were identified: Central Asian Strain 1 (CAS1) (n = 89), East African Indian (EAI) strain (n = 7) and Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) strain (n = 3). The CAS1 clade (ST 26) had high genetic diversity represented by seven different spoligopatterns, of which one had major predominace (n = 75). Conclusions: This is the first insight into the genotype of M. tuberculosis strains in the Balochistan region that might serve as a base line study for control of tuberculosis in the community.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to determine the frequency of rpoB gene mutations within 81-bp RRDR in isolates from Quetta, Pakistan using GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. Background: Multi drug resistance is one of the major obstacles in the control of tuberculosis throughout the globe. Study Design: A cross sectional experimental study was designed. Setting: A total of 500 clinical specimens obtained from suspected TB patients at Provincial TB Reference Laboratory, Fatima Jinnah General and Chest Hospital Quetta, Pakistan Period: From January to July 2017. Methodology: Were analyzed by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of total 500 samples, MTB was detected in 211 (42%) cases by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay [positive pulmonary cases 48.8% (206/422) and extra-pulmonary 6.4% (5/78)]. Among 211 MTB positive cases, the assay detected 11 (5.2%) cases with RIF-resistance caused by various rpoB gene mutations within 81-bp RRDR. All the eleven RIF-resistant isolates were found to have mutations only in Probe E and none of cases had RIF-resistance associated with probes A, B, C, and D. Out of 11 RRD cases, 4 (2%) were males and 7 (3.3%) were females. New TB cases were 3 (1.4%) and previously treated cases were 8 (3.8%). Conclusion: In our settings 11/211 (5.2%) of the TB patients showed rifampicin resistance. Probe E mutations (also called codons 531 and 533) were the only rpoB gene mutations detected by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. No mutations were detected in the codons 511, 513, 516, 518, 522 and 526 sequences.

A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in processed raw frozen and fresh poultry meat sold in retail markets and shops of Quetta, Pakistan.A total of 200 samples (100 each of fresh and frozen meat samples) were randomly collected from retailers during the period of March to September 2016.Out of 200 samples tested, 66 (33%) were found to be contaminated with Salmonella spp.The contamination rate of frozen samples was 30% as compared to 36% of fresh meat samples.Out of 66 Salmonella positive samples, the most prevalent sero-groups identified were S. enteritidis (43.9%) followed by S. typhimurium (30.3%), S. gallinarum (16.6%), S. pullorum (7.6%) and S. typhi (1.5%).Our findings highlight the magnitude of Salmonella contamination in chicken meat sold in the city of Quetta and demonstrate the efficacy of biochemical characterization and typing through multiplex PCR.The results indicate an urgent need for applying proper food hygiene practices in the Quetta region to reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases.

Shigella species are frequently associated with food and water borne infections leading to acute invasive enteric infections. Annually there are 165 million cases of shigellosis, of which 163 million are in developing countries and the incidence is highest among children. The study was aimed to isolate and identify Shigella species from food and water samples. The isolates were identified by using conventional biochemical tests. Total of 100 samples (50 ready-to-eat salad + 50 household water) were randomly collected aseptically. Out of 100 samples analyzed, 27 (27%) were found positive for Shigella species. Out of these 27 positive samples, 16 (32%) were from ready-to-eat salad samples and 11 (22%) were from water. Incidence of Shigella species in Quetta city water (28%) is higher as compared to water collected from outside the city which is (16%). Shigella flexneri was the most frequent isolate (70%) observed in this study. The high level of Shigella species prevalence was observed during the month of April-June. This study revealed that the use of raw animal manure as fertilizer, irrigation of vegetables with fecal contaminated water, a poor sanitary system and improper treatment of water supplies can increase potential risks to the consumer. Adaptation and application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) can decrease the possibility of contamination and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Awareness regarding communicable diseases also helps control shigellosis and other diarrheal disease.

Foodborne pathogens pose a great health risk globally. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of deadly food contaminants like Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni and E. coli (O157: H7) in various types of food items consumed locally. Total of 800 most common food samples such as chicken, beef meat, raw milk, vegetables and salad samples were collected from retail market, the overall contamination of food samples with infectious agents was 48.37%. Campylobacter jejuni was recorded much higher (28.99%) compared to other foodborne pathogens. Food samples were also found positive for Salmonella spp. (19%), E. coli (O157: H7) (8%) and 1.25% for Listeria monocytogenes. 5% tested food samples were found co-infected with at least two pathogens. The results urge to adopt proper food hygiene practices to reduce the incidence of food-borne diseases.

The objective of this study was to conduct a qualitative analysis of raw beef meat sold in the city of Quetta, Pakistan for presence and drug sensitivity of the potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli strain O157:H7. The study used 200 raw beef meat samples collected from retail butcher shops. Conventional and rapid biochemical tests, latex agglutination and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers designed for the rfb(O157) and flic(H7) genes were used to detect E. coli O157:H7. All O157:H7 isolates were also tested for Shiga toxin genes stx(1) and stx(2). The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in collected beef meat samples was 10%. Detection through PCR was found more sensitive than detection of O and H antigens. The quantity of E. coli O157:H7 isolates positive for Shiga toxins was 50% (20% for stx(1), 45% for stx(2) and 10% for both stx(1) and stx(2)). Season wise variation showed highest E. coli O157:H7 prevalence during summer months. A further concern is that E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to a range of common antibiotics. The results indicate an urgent need for applying proper food hygiene practices in the Quetta region to reduce incidence of foodborne diseases and they also emphasize the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Practical applications E. coli O157:H7 is as a potentially threatening foodborne pathogen. A significant prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 detected in raw beef meat from retail outlets in the city of Quetta indicates an urgent need for applying proper food hygiene practices in the Quetta region to reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases. Furthermore, resistance of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates to a range of commonly used antibiotics emphasizes the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. The multiplex PCR method used here is a reliable, sensitive, and relatively rapid technique for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in food and environmental samples and important for ongoing surveillance to minimize contamination of raw meat products and associated cross contamination by E. coli O157:H7.

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate sero-prevalence of HBs Ag(Hepatitis-B surface antigen), its knowledge and attitudes in preoperative general surgerypatients in Quetta, Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration ofStudy: This study was carried out (April - September, 2016) and was screened in BalochistanLab Brewery Road, Quetta. Methodology: 1000 preoperative patients from four ethnic groupspredominantly present in surgical department of multiple hospitals of Quetta. Serum wassubjected to chromatography immunoassay (ICT) and samples were reconfirmed throughEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Demographical data, knowledge and attitudes werealso collected using valid predesigned questionnaire. Results : Overall, prevalence 7.0% wereobserved with highest in Baloch population, 10.3 %, followed by Hazara community, 8.0 %,While Pashtoon were with 5.7 % and Panjabi population with 2.3 %. Statistically non-significantdifference was observed in males and female population (P < 0.05). 03 of the patients werefalse negative with ICT when reconfirmed by ELISA. Overall, population show poor knowledgeand attitudes in preoperative surgery patients toward Hepatitis B infection. Conclusion: TheHBs Ag determination using rapid Immunochromatography device test should only be used formass scale screening and results may be verified with ELISA to eliminate the chances of falsenegative cases.

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate sero-prevalence of HBs Ag(Hepatitis-B surface antigen), its knowledge and attitudes in preoperative general surgerypatients in Quetta, Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration ofStudy: This study was carried out (April - September, 2016) and was screened in BalochistanLab Brewery Road, Quetta. Methodology: 1000 preoperative patients from four ethnic groupspredominantly present in surgical department of multiple hospitals of Quetta. Serum wassubjected to chromatography immunoassay (ICT) and samples were reconfirmed throughEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Demographical data, knowledge and attitudes werealso collected using valid predesigned questionnaire. Results : Overall, prevalence 7.0% wereobserved with highest in Baloch population, 10.3 %, followed by Hazara community, 8.0 %,While Pashtoon were with 5.7 % and Panjabi population with 2.3 %. Statistically non-significantdifference was observed in males and female population (P < 0.05). 03 of the patients werefalse negative with ICT when reconfirmed by ELISA. Overall, population show poor knowledgeand attitudes in preoperative surgery patients toward Hepatitis B infection. Conclusion: TheHBs Ag determination using rapid Immunochromatography device test should only be used formass scale screening and results may be verified with ELISA to eliminate the chances of falsenegative cases.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious disease of cloven hoofed animals. The disease is endemic in Pakistan caused by Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, A and Asia-1. In order to control FMD in Pakistan, it is essential to have an accurate knowledge of circulating virus strains in the country that will help to select more specific vaccines. Balochistan province (Largest Province area wise) has an important geographical location, having common borders with Afghanistan and Iran that are also FMD endemic countries. Data regarding FMDV strain circulating in this province is scanty. Balochistan being the largest province of the country and having important geographical location needs to be explored for the detection of different serotypes circulating along with their lineages and sub lineages in order to control the disease as well as to access the routes of animal movement in the region, which could be the source of spread of virus. Furthermore, restriction of cross border movement is the need of time, along with the establishment of laboratories having capability for early and accurate diagnosis of the disease. This study suggests that there should be extensive sampling from this province for detection and typing of the virus and if possible, isolation of the circulating strains. This will help to identify Hot Spots in the region for regular monitoring against this alarming threat for the region. The serotype and strain identification will help to improve the current vaccines being used in the region. Sensitive, specific and quick diagnostic tools are needed to control the disease in FMD endemic regions, especially in the areas with limited facilities to diagnose the disease. In this paper, the situation of FMD in Balochistan province of Pakistan has been taken into consideration where FMD is endemic. Balochistan Province has limited diagnostic facilities in terms of infrastructure, equipment, kits, chemicals and reagents to perform all the techniques recommended by OIE, World Organisation for Animal Health, to detect and type the FMD virus. Most of the commercially available assays are too expensive to use for diagnosis with limited resources. This paper describes the optimization of multiplex one-step RT-PCR using specially designed primers for this region. This will serve as a milestone in early detection and serotyping of FMDV in Balochistan.

The present investigation deals with comparing performance of different data mining algorithms viz., CHAID, EXHAUSTIVE CHAID, CART and ANN, in order to predict body weight from biometrical characteristics for a total of 161 Harnai lambs changing in age between 6-9 months. Minimum numbers of lambs in parent and child nodes were set 20:10 for first three algorithms in order to improve their predictive ability. Considered as an outcome variable, body weight were predicted from explanatory variables, linear body measurements; namely, body length (BL), withers height ('WH), chest girth (CG), paunch girth (PG), face length (FL), length between ears (LBE), length of ears (EARL), width (FTW)- and length (Flt) of tail, and sex factor. To find out the best one among aforenamed four algorithms, model quality criteria like coefficient of determination (R-2%), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj-R-2%), coefficient of variation (CV%), SD ratio (the ratio of SD of errors to SD of the actual dependent variable values), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Relative Approximation Error (RAE) and the Pearson correlation between actual and predicted values were estimated. All the qualified algorithms were very sufficient; therefore, the use of Exhaustive CHAID in the prediction of body weight presented the best fit in both model quality criteria and more proper decision tree diagram visually, which may provide some advantageous in exhibition of some breed standards of the Harnai sheep.

Water pollution is one of the main environmental issues in Balochistan. This serious environment issue leads to many deaths in Balochistan. In most of the places of Balochistan clean and safe water is now totally converted to polluted water. Drinking water sources, both surface and groundwater are contaminated with coliforms, toxic metals and pesticides throughout the Balochistan. Various drinking water quality parameters set by WHO are frequently violated. Human activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and indiscriminate applications of agrochemicals in agriculture are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality. Microbial and chemical pollutants are the main factors responsible exclusively or in combination for various public health problems. People of these areas are drinking polluted water due to unavailability of clean water. Drinking of polluted water can causes major health disease. Major diseases connected with polluted drinking water in Balochistan are diarrhea, gastroenteritis, typhoid, cryptosporidium infections, giardiasis intestinal worms, some strains of hepatitis and infant deaths are caused by waterborne diarrhea in Balochistan.

Sero-epidemiological studies were conducted on goat warble fly, Przhevalskiana silenus, to observe the prevalence of hypodermosis in district Ziarat, northern upland of Balochistan, Pakistan during April 2011 to March 2012. The most prevalent breed of goat ‘khurasani’ was involved in the study and compared with the non-descript breed of goat. In the first study a total of 2880 (240 animals per month) goats of different age, sex and breed were examined on monthly bases. The mean percentage was 21.25% with the highest prevalence in January and lowest in October. Three age groups were selected for the study i.e. 2 year old in which the highest percentage was noted in 1-2 years of age group. No significant differences were observed between both sexes and both breeds. In the second study, sero-prevalence was studied by commercial ELISA kit. A total of 480 sera samples were collected during April 2011 to March 2012. Three hundred and eight (64.16%) samples were found sero-positive. Data analyzed by Pearson chi-square test (χ2) revealed significant difference (P< 0.05) month-wise in the prevalence studies. It is concluded that the commercial ELISA kit is a useful tool for the serodiagnosis of goat warble fly infestation which provides a base line data for the control and future eradication program of this economically important parasite.