Critical urban events impact the city agenda, like sustainable urban mobility, safe transportation, and efficient governance, thus leading many times to social disturbance, environmental degradation, and economic and human losses. Such events demand efficient dissemination of their data to the authorities to take rapid and effective actions to minimize their effects. The Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) paradigm can aid in monitoring such events in time and space. Vehicles are suitable for monitoring random events in space and time due to their ubiquity. Simultaneously, social relationships between vehicle users establish local communities where social intelligence can help disseminate data collected by VANET to support public management in event recognition. Thus, this article proposes a distributed and robust QoS/QoE aware, social‐based data dissemination solution for critical urban events and investigates how social parameters influence the quality of data dissemination. The impact of social influence, social activity, and friendship strategies was analyzed by simulation. The results show the gains in QoS when using social activity and in QoE subjective metrics when employing social influence.

Many IoT scenarios demand continuous capture of information from multifunctional sensors and smart units, as well as sending those data to cloud centers. However, allocating tasks to these sensors is not straightforward due to the urgency and priority that each type of data collection requires depending on the needs of the urban environment. This paper presents the POSITRON scheme for managing the sensing allocation in a multifunctional IoT network from previously defined policies. The policies take into account the characteristics of the applications running on the network and the different specifications of the available devices. We implemented POSITRON in a network simulator aiming to analyze its efficiency in allocating network resources. The results point out that considering the requirements demanded by applications and the distinct characteristics of multifunctional IoT devices brings benefits to resource allocation.

Iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) deposit genesis is often genetically linked to magmatism due to temporal association between granite and mineralization and participation of magma-derived components. In the Carajás Mineral Province, NW Brazil, a set of ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga IOCG deposits has been interpreted to be genetically linked to contemporary granite, which are located along the Cinzento Shear Zone, in the northern part of the province. Despite the apparent temporal correlation, the understanding of ca. 2.5 Ga ages as magmatic may be misleading, since ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga reset ages have been previously reported for deformed and hydrothermally altered granites crystallized at ca. 2.74 Ga. We studied the morphology, texture, and composition of 2.74–2.73 Ga, 2.68 Ga, 2.64–2.62 Ga, and 2.59–2.55 Ga zircons from variably deformed and metasomatized granites located along the Cinzento Shear Zone. Our study reveals re-equilibrated magmatic, deformed, and newly grown zircon domains with compositional changes (Ta, U, Y, and LREE enrichment relative to chondrite) that inconsistently follow textural patterns. The overprint arises from diffusion–reaction, coupled-dissolution-reprecipitation processes, and alteration of metamict zircons, likely aided by alkaline (Na–K-rich) and F-Cl-rich hydrothermal fluids that circulated regionally in the Carajás Province. Such processes account for disturbances and resetting of the U-Th-Pb isotopic system in zircon; therefore, the geochronological record in granites from our study can be associated with the first (ca. 2.72–2.68 Ga) and the second (ca. 2.6–2.5 Ga) IOCG-forming hydrothermal events rather than to igneous crystallization. In this context, we rule out a temporal link between granitic magmatism and the IOCG deposits at Carajás.

The most typical topological structure of Connected and Autonomous cars (CAVs) is a platoon formation, in which vehicles move closely together, following the leader’s instructions, and offer autonomous and intelligent transport services. Nevertheless, several attacks that inject false data into networks and onboard sensors may endanger platoon stability, resulting in severe collisions over road networks in the worst case. This paper proposes a mechanism for cooperative CAV platoon recovery in the face of false data injection attacks called PReCAV. PReCAV employs virtual and physical system models to maintain the resilience of the CAV platoon despite network and sensor attacks. An evaluation by NS3 and SUMO simulations showed that PReCAV provided stability and resilience to the CAV platoon formation in a representative scenario face to false data injection attacks in the network and the sensors. For injecting false data into the network and sensors, we defined an attack model that manipulates information, such as speed and localization, using a uniform distribution to vary the falsification size over time, that is, how far does the information value vary from the correct one. During network and sensors attacks, PReCAV showed average values of 0.16 m/s2 acceleration, 21.76 m/s of speed, and 28.35 m of the distance between vehicles in the platoon when the desired speed was 22 m/s. Meanwhile, for a desired speed of 15 m/s, PReCAV maintained average values of 0.11 m/s2, 15.26 m/s, and 22.42 m in the platoon. Those results demonstrate the ability of PReCAV to maintain vehicle dynamics in the platoon in the face of attacks.

A confiabilidade a respeito das informações é fator crucial para a execucção de tarefas computacionais e segurança de sistemas e usuários. Essa característica é ainda mais importante quando dados sensíveis, sejam pessoais ou de terceiros estejam envolvidos. É o que acontece na dinâmica de comunicação, seja de captura ou disseminação de eventos, em redes veiculares ad hoc (VANET). Assim, uma das formas de se modelar tal confiabilidade é por meio da análise comportamental dos envolvidos em tal rede, de forma que ao longo do tempo se consiga correlacionar tal análise com algum grau de reputação. Nesse caso, esse grau de reputação pode ser utilizado como mecanismo de verificação da confiabilidade seja da informação sendo transmitida de forma indireta, ou de forma mais direta, da confiabilidade do emissor, trazendo para o sistema segurança contra vulnerabilidades provocadas por participantes maliciosos. Sendo assim, este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta fundamentada em princípios de reputação para fortalecer a segurança dos sistemas e usuários de redes VANET.

The manual management of network assets is susceptible to configuration errors, lack of standardization, a large amount of repetitive work, and little or no traceability of changes over time. The Infrastructure as Code (IaC) approach makes it possible to automate the process of configuring resources such as operating systems, network services, containers, and applications, by treating them as software and allowing standardization and configuration rollback. This paper proposes an integrated architecture based on different software tools that use the IaC approach to automate the configuration of network assets, considering different models and manufacturers. A quantitative analysis shows the architecture's efficiency in response time and scalability. The architecture has achieved a proportional gain of 83% in the average response time to manage 128 assets, with no significant increase in processing and memory usage.

Muitos cenários de IoT demandam uma captura continua de informações de sensores multifuncionais e unidades inteligentes, além do envio desses dados para centros de nuvem. Entretanto, a gestão da alocação das tarefas a esses sensores não é simples em razão da urgência e da prioridade que cada tipo de coleta de dados exige dependendo da necessidade do ambiente urbano. Este artigo apresenta o esquema POSITRON para o gerenciamento da alocação de sensoriamento em uma rede IoT multifuncional a partir de políticas previamente definidas. Tais políticas consideram as características das aplicações executadas na rede, bem como as especificações distintas dos dispositivos disponíveis. A implementação do POSITRON em um simulador de redes visa demonstrar a sua eficiência na alocação dos recursos. Os resultados apontam que levar em conta os requisitos demandados pelas aplicações e as características distintas dos dispositivos IoT multifuncionais traz benefício na alocação dos recursos.

A integração de IoT com computação em Névoa e Nuvem permite a implantação de ambientes de saúde pervasivos para auxiliar na prevenção e diagnóstico de doenças. Contudo, é necessário um gerenciamento mais inteligente para realizar o offload de tarefas computacionais nestes ambientes. Este trabalho propõe uma otimização para alocar e re-alocar requisições de processamento em máquinas na Névoa e Nuvem utilizando modelagem matemática. O objetivo é minimizar o custo de utilização da infraestrutura enquanto garante os requisitos das aplicações. Resultados apontam que a otimização gera soluções próximas do ótimo e a reotimização gera soluções ótimas em menos de 7 e 2,8 segundos em média, respectivamente, para instâncias com até 200 pacientes.

Zircon geochemistry and geochronology are powerful tools in the study of multistage cratonic settings, yielding information on ages and distinguishing terranes. The Carajas Mineral Province (CMP) SE of the Amazonian Craton is renowned for its complex tectonic evolution and notable mineral deposits endowment, such as the giant iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG)-type Sossego and Salobo. Tectonic, magmatic, metamorphic, and hydrothermal event sequences imprint their records regionally and deposit scales that, in most cases, are difficult to identify. Basement and wall-rock samples from the southern portion of the CMP's, Sossego area were selected and analyzed using sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP). Cathodoluminescence images guided the morphological and textural characterization and spot location. U-Pb and rare earth elements (REE) analyses using SHRIMP provided ages and trace element contents leading to classification of zircon type as magmatic, hydrothermally altered magmatic, or hydrothermal zircon. Hydrothermal zircon is characterized by anomalous morphology and REE and U contents, and these features have prompted the identification of an Archean hydrothermal event in the province. These zircon classifications indicate a circa 2.54 Ga hydrothermal event in the southern region of Carajas, likely associated with main shear zone movements (Carajas Fault). The 2.54 Ga event is well constrained to the Carajas northern zone and has not been indicated in the southern region. The magmatic and hydrothermally altered zircons indicate ages around 2.95 Ga and 2.74 Ga, coinciding with the zone's known ages, with better resolution achieved using SHRIMP. The use of zircon type classification in cratonic terranes to track hydrothermal events offers original possibilities and represents new frontiers in mineral exploration.

The treatment of mobile and simultaneous critical urban events requires effective actions by the appropriate authorities. Additionally it implies communication challenges in the speed and accuracy of their occurrence by the entities, as well as dealing with the dynamics and speed in these environments. Cooperative solutions with shared resources that address these challenges become a real option in helping to handle these events. This paper presents an evaluation of dynamic monitoring and collaborative dissemination supported by vehicular groups. It aims to analyze the impact of multiple mobile and fixed events in an urban environment on information propagation, considering barriers imposed by the events and the environment. Differently from other studies in the literature, this work takes into account both fixed and mobile events, as well as simultaneous events. NS-3 simulation results show that the evaluated system monitored at least 87% and 51.5% of the time for mobile and fixed events respectively, and delivered information over 77% and 50% of the time for those events, while average delay remains close to 0.3 s in most scenarios. The achieved results also reveal that a more continuous monitoring of the mobile events is highly dependent on the strategy used to select the collaborating vehicles surrounding the event. The main contribution of this work consists of the performance analysis of both fixed and mobile simultaneous events to support studies on how moving events impact on the dissemination and delivery of real-time data, and thus encouraging the development of new data dissemination protocols for VANETs.

O apoio e o tratamento diário de eventos críticos nas cidades estão entre os grandes desafios dos centros urbanos. Logo, as informações destes eventos devem ser disseminadas eficientemente às entidades competentes. As VANETs naturalmente podem apoiar o monitoramento de eventos aleatórios no tempo e espaço. Além disso, os relacionamentos sociais entre usuários dos veículos estabelecem comunidades locais, cuja inteligência social pode ser aplicada na disseminação dos dados coletados pela VANET a fim de apoiar a gestão pública no reconhecimento de eventos. Este trabalho investiga como os parâmetros sociais influenciam na qualidade de disseminação de dados de eventos críticos urbanos. Analisou-se o impacto das estratégias influência social, atividade social e amizade, e considerou-se os impactos na qualidade de serviço e de experiência. Os resultados mostram que a atividade social tem maior influência na QoS, com aumento de 106% a 175% na entrega de pacotes do que as demais em ambientes densos, e a influência social proporciona uma melhor QoE.

O gerenciamento manual de ativos de rede está suscetível a erros de configuração, falta de padronização, grande quantidade de trabalho repetitivo e pouca ou nenhuma rastreabilidade de alterações ao longo do tempo. A abordagem Infrastructure as Code (IaC) permite automatizar o processo de configuração de recursos como sistemas operacionais, serviços de rede, contêineres e aplicações, tratando-os como software e possibilitando a padronização e reversão da configuração. Este artigo propõe uma arquitetura integrada a partir de ferramentas de softwares diferentes e que usam a abordagem IaC, a fim de automatizar a configuração de ativos de rede, considerando diferentes modelos e fabricantes. Uma avaliação quantitativa mostra a eficiência da arquitetura em tempo de resposta e escalabilidade. A arquitetura obteve um ganho proporcional de 83% no tempo médio de resposta para gerenciar 128 ativos, sem aumento significativo no uso de processamento e memória.

In the video transmission of critical urban events, e.g., heart attacks, supported by VANETs, intermittent connections, delays, packet losses, and the number of vehicles in collaboration naturally impair the dissemination of data, and hence affect the quality of received video at the destination. Crowdsensing solutions become a real option in helping to handle these events. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the characteristics of urban VANETs on the human perception of the spatio-temporal context from monitored videos of critical events. We use the MINUET system to assess the quality of videos disseminated and delivered to city authorities, using QoS and QoE metrics, and under different traffic scenarios. Simulated results indicate the system achieves quality levels from satisfactory to good in most of the evaluated scenarios, i.e. average PSNR values between [25-40]dB and average SSIM values between [0.5-1]. In addition, even in adverse situations for detecting the event, video was delivered with a level of quality sufficient to recognize the event.

Eventos críticos urbanos precisam ser alertados eficientemente, por exemplo, através de uma notificação rápida. As redes veiculares (VANETs) são uma potencial alternativa, para apoiar a notificação das informações dos eventos críticos arbitrários, devido à sua ubiquidade nas cidades. Embora a dinamicidade das VANETs comprometa o processo de disseminação, as conexões entre veículos a partir dos interesses sociais dos usuários oferecem um modo para otimizar a troca de mensagens e a disseminação de dados. Este artigo propõe SOCIABLE, um sistema de disseminação robusta de dados de eventos urbanos críticos que atua numa rede SIoV. Ele baseia-se em comunidade de veículos com interesses comuns e/ou rotinas similares e na influência social dos veículos pela sua posição na rede, para a escolha dos veículos retransmissores. Numa análise comparativa no NS3 com o sistema MINUET, o SOCIABLE gerou menos 36,56% de mensagens transmitidas numa VANET densa e um pico máximo de atraso de 0,028s numa VANET esparsa, entregando dados de eventos críticos em tempo real e de forma robusta sem sobrecarregar a rede.

Critical urban events need to be efficiently handled, for instance, through rapid notification. VANETs are a promising choice in supporting notification of information on arbitrary critical events. Although the dynamicity of VANETs compromises the dissemination process, the connections among vehicles based on users' social interests allow for optimizing message exchange and data dissemination. This paper introduces SOCIABLE, a robust data dissemination system for critical urban events that operates in a SIoV network. It is based on vehicles' community with common interests and/or similar routines and employs social influence of vehicles according to their network location to select relay vehicles. In a comparative analysis on NS3 with the MINUET system, SOCIABLE achieved 36.56% less packets transmitted in a dense VANET and a maximum packet delivery delay of 28ms in a sparse VANET, delivering critical event data in a real-time and robust way without overloading the~network.

Este artigo apresenta o protótipo do aplicativo descartECO, projetado para auxiliar no processo de descarte adequado de fármacos e cosméticos. Esse aplicativo permite que os usuários contribuam para uma cidade mais limpa e evitem o descarte incorreto no meio ambiente. A plataforma Android Studio foi usada para o desenvolvimento preliminar e a API do Google Maps foi responsável pelo mapa, além de direcionar a assistência aos pontos de coleta. Espera-se que o descartECO auxilie na correta destinação final de fármacos e medicamentos.

Critical urban events take places at a random way and they need to be dealt with by public authorities quickly to maintain the proper operation of cities. The main challenges for an efficient handling fall in the random nature of the event, and in the speed and accuracy of its notification to the authority. The pervasiveness of vehicles in the cities, and their communication and monitoring capabilities, allow VANETs to support the dissemination and handling of such events. Thus, this work proposes MINUET, a dynamic system to support the monitoring and dissemination of urban events, which operates in a VANET. It uses a cooperative-based strategy where vehicles dynamically coordinate the monitoring and dissemination of events in real time by the means of clusters. A performance comparative analysis in NS3 with a target tracking approach shows the efficiency of MINUET regarding the real-time monitoring, the dissemination of urban event data and data availability at the destination in dense and sparse networks.

Eventos urbanos emergenciais ocorrem de forma aleatória e precisam ser tratados por entidades competentes para manter o bom funcionamento das cidades. Os principais desafios para um tratamento eficiente recaem justamente na aleatoriedade no tempo ou no espaço, e na rapidez e acurácia da comunicação da ocorrência do evento à uma entidade responsável, sendo este último desafio agravado pelo fato desta comunicação depender de intervenção humana. A onipresença de veículos em ambientes urbanos, sua capacidade de comunicação e monitoramento, possibilitam o uso de VANETs como meio de auxílio para disseminação e tratamento destes eventos. Assim, este artigo propõe MINUET, um sistema de monitoramento e disseminação de eventos urbanos, que atua em uma rede veicular não estruturada. Ele é baseado em uma estratégia cooperativa, onde veículos coordenam dinamicamente o monitoramento e a disseminação de múltiplos eventos em tempo real através de agrupamentos. Resultados no NS3 mostram o desempenho do MINUET na detecção, monitoramento e disseminação em tempo real de eventos em zonas urbanas.

The service interaction provided by objects in IoT networks enables the creation of advanced services to answer application requests. However, the growing number of objects into the IoT network, besides its ad hoc structure, are disturbing some functionalities, such as service discovery. Therefore, when searching for services, the navigability is impaired because the system needs to sweep a great quantity of objects without a previous organization. Social Internet of Things (SIoT) emerged as an alternative to solve several problems faced by IoT through the concept of social networks. In SIoT each object has its own social profile, which contains its characteristics and information, and are organized by relationships. Thus, this research propose a solution for service discovery in a SIoT network. This solution uses the relationships between objects to improve the discovery scalability and considers their social profiles to meet the requisitions in a more satisfactorily way. Simulated results demonstrates the solution performance to answer service requisitions in an urban SIoT network.

The implementation of the Internet of Things paradigm in the most diverse environments is already a reality. One of these environments is the smart hospital that uses several devices to improve patient care and streamline the internal processes of hospitals. However, an obstacle in the use of IoT systems is the difficulty encountered by their user to change devices behaviours as their needs changes. When the users can not update, the system may be outdated. This leads to problems in the hospital which is a critical environment and needs everything to be working properly every time. A way to customize the behavior of IoT devices is the use of police that can be described in high-level programming language. For this reason, this paper proposes a solution that uses policy refinement to assist IoT device management in smart hospitals. The proposed solution was implemented and tested, achieving favorable results for the hospital scenario.