Solubility studies are essential for developing more efficient dosing processes and systems. The solubility of INH in a mixture of PEG 300 (1) + water (2) was evaluated at various temperatures using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and the shaking flask method. Solubility increased by 150% at 288.15 K and 298% at 318.15 K, reflecting the temperature dependence of solubility when transitioning from pure water to pure PEG 300. Generally, the solubility of INH is an endothermic process favoured by entropy. Its affinity increases with PEG 300 proportion in the mixtures, transitioning from an enthalpic to an entropic mechanism as it approaches the pure solvent. Ultimately, it is concluded that PEG 300 acts as an excellent, eco-friendly cosolvent that could help to optimise more sustainable pharmaceutical systems.

The main objective of this research was to analyze the equilibrium solubility of sodium sulfamerazine (NaSMR) in several ethanol (EtOH, 1) + water (2) mixtures as reported in the practical concentration scales of mass/volume and mass/mass percentages at different temperatures from 5.0 to 35.0 °C. It is observed that aqueous-alcoholic solubility of sodium sulfamerazine increases almost linearly with temperature-increasing, but it decreases non-linearly with EtOH proportion increasing in the mixtures. Logarithmic mass/volume

Refractive indices (n(D)) and densities (rho) of ternary mixtures of sucrose, alcohol and water were experimentally determined at 293.2 K in all the possible homogeneous mixing regions. From densities the specific volumes (v(sp)) of the mixtures were calculated and reported. All these properties were correlated by means of the Jouyban-Acree model. The computed sub-binary model constants of the Jouyban-Acree model were used to predict the physicochemical properties of the ternary mixtures. The proposed models were tested using the experimentally measured data of the binary/ternary mixtures. The mean relative deviations (MRDs) between computed and experimental data are used as an accuracy criterion. The overall MRDs for n(D), rho and v(sp) of the investigated mixtures are 0.028%, 0.088% and 0.088%, respectively.

The experimental solubility data of theophylline in three hydro-alcoholic solvent mixtures at various temperatures were re-analysed concerning practical needs in the pharmaceutical industry. The minimum number of known solubility data in the binary solvents was used as a training data set and the rest of data were predicted using the trained models. In addition, the data was predicted using a previously trained model employing Abraham parameters and the experimental solubility of the drug in the mono-solvents as input values. The accuracy of the provided prediction tools was satisfactory. The results were also compared with those of the models reported in an earlier paper. Moreover, by means of the Gibbs and van't Hoff equations apparent thermodynamic functions of dissolution were calculated observing positive quantities in all cases indicating endothermic and entropy-driven processes.

Densities of dilute solutions of acetanilide, acetaminophen and phenacetin were measured as a function of molal drug concentration in some {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures and neat ethanol (1) at T/K = 298.15 and T/K = 313.15. From these density values, apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar volumes and S V parameters of drug concentration-dependence of apparent molar volumes, limiting molar transfer properties, and limiting molar volumes of some substituent groups, were calculated and the results were interpreted in terms of structural effects, and possible solute-solvent interactions.

Solubility studies are an essential requirement for the development of more efficient industrial processes. In this context, the use of cosolvents is a relevant strategy in pharmaceutical sciences, especially when dealing with green solvents such as water (W (2)) and Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400 (1)). The objective of this study is to thermodynamically analyze the solubility of isoniazid in {PEG 400 (1) + W (2)} cosolvent mixtures at seven temperatures (288.15 to 318.15 K). The study was conducted by calculating thermodynamic functions from experimental solubility data determined using the flask shaking method, employing UV spectrophotometry as the quantification technique. The dissolution process was shown to be endothermic and entropy-driven. Although maximum solubility would be expected to be achieved in a cosolvent mixture, given that the solubility parameter of isoniazid (30.54 MPa1/2) has an intermediate value between the two pure solvents (PEG 400 ≈ 22.5 MPa1/2; Water ≈47.8 MPa1/2), maximum solubility is achieved in pure PEG 400 and the lowest solubility is achieved in pure water.

This communication reports some comments on the published results and illutrates the applicability of a new multi-parameter model to represent the solubility of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in various mono-solvents at different temperatures. The accuracy of the model was assessed by computing the relative average deviation (RAD) where an acceptable error range was observed for correlating the data. Moreover, the Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters of this organic compound were also calculated and reported, as well as the apparent thermodynamic quantities of dissolution and mixing of DIM in these organic solvents as estimated by means of the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations.

This study investigated the solubility of ketoconazole in binary mixtures of ethyl acetate and ethanol within the temperature range of 298.2–323.2 K using the shake-flask method and spectrophotometry at 246 nm. Solubility was determined at six temperatures and across solvent mass fractions (0.0–1.0). The highest solubility, 0.941 (± 0.009) mol·L−1, occurred at 323.2 K with an ethyl acetate mass fraction of 0.6, while the lowest, 0.147 (± 0.003) mol·L−1, was observed in pure ethanol at 298.2 K. Results confirmed that both temperature rise and ethyl acetate enrichment enhanced solubility. For instance, at a 0.6 mass fraction of ethyl acetate, solubility increased from 0.633 (± 0.011) mol·L−1 at 298.2 K to 0.941 (± 0.009) mol·L−1 at 323.2 K, demonstrating the synergistic influence of temperature and solvent composition. Thermodynamic analysis revealed positive enthalpy values (12.60 (± 0.30)–27.55 (± 1.08) kJ·mol−1), indicating an endothermic dissolution. Gibbs free energy values (ΔG°) were positive across all conditions, suggesting non-spontaneity, while entropy ranged from 0.039 (± 0.001) to 0.077 (± 0.003) kJ·mol−1·K−1, reflecting increased disorder. Ethyl acetate-rich environments showed comparatively more favorable dissolution behavior. Mathematical modeling demonstrated that the Buchowski–Ksiazczak (λh) and van’t Hoff models provided the highest accuracy with MRDs

Investigating pharmaceutical solubility is crucial for drug development, especially with the growing number of poorly water-soluble drug candidates. This study investigated the equilibrium solubility of amlodipine besylate (ADB), in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and 2-propanol. Equilibrium solubility was quantified across five temperatures (293.2-313.2 K) and various solvent compositions using the shake-flask method. Results showed ADB solubility consistently increased with temperature, with maximal solubility observed at high PEG 400 fractions (w1 = 0.8-0.9). The van't Hoff (mean relative deviation, MRD = 0.8%), and Jouyban-Acree (MRD = 6.8%) models provided excellent correlations with the experimental data. Thermodynamic analysis revealed an endothermic dissolution process, characterised by positive apparent standard dissolution enthalpy and entropy. The apparent standard dissolution Gibbs energy was positive across all compositions but decreased with increasing PEG 400 content, indicating enhanced dissolution favourability, reaching a minimum at w1 = 0.8. While enthalpic contributions generally predominated, entropic contributions became more significant at very high PEG 400 concentrations.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal agent effective against Candida spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and dermatophytes. The low solubility of a drug in water has a very important impact on reduced absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, low bioavailability, the need for higher doses, delayed onset of action, limitations in administration routes, and its therapeutic potential. This study examined the solubility of ketoconazole in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600) and water over 298.2–323.2 K using the shake-flask method. Saturated concentrations were determined by UV spectrophotometry at 246 nm. Experimental solubility data were analyzed using several mathematical models, including Jouyban–Acree, van’t Hoff, CNIBS/R–K, Mixture Response Surface (MRS), and λh (Buchowski–Ksiazczak) equations, with mean relative deviation percentage (MRD

The present study investigated the solubility of paracetamol (PARA) in mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and water over the temperature range of 293.2-313.2 K using the shaking flask method. The experimental data were employed to determine thermodynamic parameters governing PARA dissolution. To assess the predictive capability, several mathematical models, including van't Hoff, Yalkowsky, CNIBS/R-K, Jouyban-Acree and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff models, were applied. Results showed that PARA exhibited the highest solubility in pure NMP at all studied temperatures. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the dissolution process was endothermic and driven by entropy across in all solvent compositions. Evaluation of predictive accuracy using mean relative deviations (MRDs%) demonstrated that the van't Hoff model provided the highest accuracy (1.5%), while the Yalkowsky model showed the least accuracy (45.0%). The CNIBS/R-K, lambda h, Jouyban-Acree, and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff models yielded MRDs of 2.5%, 3.0, 3.5%, and 2.9%, respectively, confirming the suitability of multi-parameter approaches.

In the recent years, the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in drug delivery has a great attention, due to several unique properties including biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, etc. In this study, tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) and erythromycin (ERY) loaded MSNs were prepared and then nanofibers and transparent film were fabricated as a drug delivery system. Several characterizations including dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical strength was applied for free MSNs and final nanocomposites. Furthermore, in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity effects were investigated. Also, the antibacterial properties of nanocomposite were investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Based on our results, incorporation of MSNs into nanofiber and transparent film leads to increase the mechanical strength. The drug release profile indicated that both free tetracycline (TET) and ERY released entirely in 8 h, while antibiotic loaded in MSNs nanofibers and transparent film showed a control release manner. According to MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay on any of prepared nanocomposite showed no cytotoxicity effects against HUVEC cells. Nanocomposite containing TET demonstrated a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while nanocomposite containing ERY effective only against S. aureus. By overcoming the limitations of conventional rapid-release antibiotics, this study provides a critically needed solution for prolonged, localized drug delivery, enhancing treatment efficacy for wound care.

Dynamic viscosities of aqueous dissolutions of sodium sulfadiazine (NaSD), sodium sulfamerazine (NaSMR), and sodium sulfamethazine (NaSMT) were determined as a function of drug concentration and temperature in water and normal saline solution (NaCl 0.9 Δ^μ_2^o , Δ^ H_2^o , and Δ^ S_2^o were determined in water and normal saline solution, and the transfer B coefficients were calculated for the three sodium sulfonamides as a function of temperature. Obtained results show that the viscosity of the three sodium sulfonamides in both solvent systems increases with drug concentration and with the molar mass of the solute (owing the presence of additional –CH3 groups in the structure), which suggests strong solute–solvent interactions and also indicates that the solutes studied behave as formers of the structure of the solvent. Likewise, viscosity decreases with an increase in temperature indicating an increase in intermolecular distances as a consequence of thermal movement. The viscosity A and B coefficients indicate that the solute–solute interactions in solution are weak owing the low value of A, whereas the positive value for the B coefficient indicates strong ionic solvation (strong solute–solvent interactions) and also suggests that sodium sulfonamides in solution act as solvent structure formers due to hydrophobic hydration and steric hindrance owing the presence of rings in the molecules studied.

The solubility characteristics of amlodipine besylate (ADB) in various propylene glycol and 1-propanol mixtures were quantitatively determined using a spectrophotometric approach, post equilibration via the established shake-flask technique. This solubility quantification was extended across a spectrum of five distinct temperatures, ranging from 293.2 K to 313.2 K, in conjunction with eleven discrete mass fractions. It was observed that the solubility of ADB exhibited an enhancement concomitant with an increase in the propylene glycol mass fraction, culminating in a maximal solubility value at 313.2 K for a propylene glycol mass fraction of 0.8. The solubility data of ADB was subjected to correlation analysis using a variety of linear cosolvency models, yielding mean percentage deviations spanning from 1.0% to 24.8%. In the realm of thermodynamics, the apparent parameters, namely enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, pertinent to the dissolution processes of ADB were computed. The derived enthalpy-entropy relationship for ADB demonstrated a non-linear behavior. Specifically, the plot of enthalpy against Gibbs energy revealed positive slopes in the ranges of w1=0.0 to w1=0.1, w1=0.2 to w1=0.3, w1=0.4 to w1=0.5, w1=0.6 to w1=0.7, and w1=0.8 to w1=1.0 in these mixtures, but transitioning to negative slopes between w1=0.1 and w1=0.2, w1=0.3 to w1=0.4, w1=0.5 to w1=0.6, and w1=0.7 to w1=0.8.

Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer, a species of the Apiaceae family, is endemic to Iran and has been historically utilized as a spice, condiment, and medicinal plant. The plant produces seeds that represent a potential new source of vegetable oil. In this study, the oil from these seeds was extracted using a solvent, and its physical, chemical, and nutritional properties were investigated. The oil extraction yield was determined to be 12.62%. Oleic acid (61.11%) and linoleic acid (25.84%) were identified as the predominant fatty acids in the extracted oil. Among its phytosterols, beta-sitosterol (65.6%) and stigmasterol (14.0%) were the most abundant. Furthermore, this oil exclusively contained alpha-tocopherol at a relatively high concentration (1610.9 ppm). The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the extracted oil were 28.34 mg/kg and 4.95 mg/kg, respectively. Regarding its nutritional indices, the atherogenic index, thrombogenic index, and hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio were 0.13, 0.24, and 9.77, respectively. In conclusion, considering its unique oil composition and qualitative characteristics, this oil holds promise as a novel source of vegetable oil and a valuable byproduct of Heracleum persicum.

The Allium plant genus has many species, among which Allium iranicum (AI) from the family Amaryllidaceae is endemic to Iran. There is no report on the oil composition of AI seeds. In this study, oil from AI seeds was extracted by a solvent and its composition and quality characteristics were determined. The yield of seed oil was 14.3%. The most predominant unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid (64.4%), followed by oleic acid (16.9%), and the main saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (13.6%) followed by stearic acid (2.8%). Beta-sitosterol (50.7%), campestrol (15.7%), and delta5-avenasterol (8.2%) were the most dominant phytosterols in extracted AI oil. The most dominant tocopherol was α-tocopherol (1188 ppm) along with low amounts of δ- and γ-tocopherols. The obtained results showed that the oil extracted from seeds of AI can be a valuable by-product of this plant with suitable nutritional indices and can be used as a new source of vegetable oil. Further research is required to reveal its potential pharmaceutical and food applications.

This study investigated the solubility of paracetamol in methanol + water mixtures at 298.2-318.2 K using the shake flask method. Experimental data were analysed with various mathematical models, including Jouyban - Acree, van't Hoff, modified Wilson, CNIBS/R - K, and lambda h models. At a methanol fraction of 0.5, solubility rose from 0.593 mol/L (298.2 K) to 0.961 mol/L (318.2 K), indicating a synergistic effect of temperature and solvent composition. Thermodynamic analysis revealed positive Delta H degrees (9.97-41.41 kJ/mol), Delta G degrees (2.08-8.97 kJ/mol), and Delta S degrees (0.03-0.11 kJ/molK), suggesting an endothermic process that becomes more favourable in methanol-rich systems as Delta G degrees decreases. Among models, the van't Hoff equation showed the best predictive accuracy (MRD% = 1.4), followed by the lambda h model (1.7%). The findings demonstrate methanol cosolvency as an effective method to enhance paracetamol solubility and highlight reliable modelling approaches for predicting solubility behaviour, supporting pharmaceutical applications in drug purification and formulation optimisation.

BACKGROUND:Solubility is a fundamental physicochemical property in pharmaceutical, chemical and environmental industrial processes. Regarding Triclocarban (TCC), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, solubility is particularly challenging due to its low aqueous solubility and hydrophobic nature; these challenges can be addressed by some effective techniques such as cosolvency, which allows one to increase the solubility of drugs by several orders of magnitude. This study aims to thermodynamically evaluate the solubility of TCC in cosolvent mixtures of PEG 200 + water at different temperatures. METHODS:Experimental solubility data were determined using the shake-flask followed by UV quantification analysis at saturation methods, and thermodynamic functions of the solution processes were calculated using the Gibbs-van't Hoff-Krug model. RESULTS:The solubility results demonstrate the positive cosolvent effect of PEG 200 on the solubility of TCC, whose solution process is thermodynamically strongly governed by the enthalpy of solution with entropic preference in PEG 200-rich mixtures. CONCLUSIONS:The solubility of TCC is an endothermic, thermo-dependent process. The addition of PEG 200 to the cosolvent mixture favors this process and shows a positive cosolvent effect.

Sulfonamides are drugs extensively used for treatment of different infections caused by several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as by some fungi. Drugs biodisponibility is influenced for several physicochemical properties of drugs and aqueous media. Thus, transfer properties involving dissolution and permeation are crucial for understanding of release and absorption of drugs after enteral administration. For these reasons, in this research the molar dissolution enthalpies (Δsoln H) of sodium sulfadiazine (NaSD), sodium sulfamerazine (NaSMR) and sodium sulfamethazine (NaSMT) were determined as a function of concentration and temperature in water and normal saline solution (NSS, NaCl 0.9 P ° ) signs are positive for all three sodium sulfonamides in both water and NSS, indicating the water structure-forming behavior of these solutes. The greater ΔsolnH°-dependence on the temperature observed for NaSMT suggests a greater hydrophobic character for this solute, which is consistent with the greater hydrophobic surface owing two additional –CH3 groups in its structure. Positive values of transfer enthalpies (ΔtrH°) are related to the hydrophobicity of the solutes, and negative values indicate a favoring of solute–cosolute electrostatic type interactions, which are strengthened at high temperatures. Thus, this research demonstrated the main role of hydrophobic effects on the dissolution of these compounds.