Abstract—Phase equilibria in Ca(NO3)2–C3H6(OH)2–H2O system sections and anti-icing properties of calcium nitrate–propylene glycol compositions with a component ratio from 1 : 3 to 3 : 1 are studied, and the temperatures and composition of eutectics with ice and the melting capacity of nitrate–propylene glycol compositions at temperatures of –5 and –10°C are determined. The compositions characterized by good anti-icing properties are identified.

Phase equilibria in Ca(NO3)2–C2H5OH–H2O system sections and anti-icing properties of calcium nitrate–ethanol compositions with a component ratio from 1 : 3 to 3 : 1 are studied. The temperatures and composition of eutectics with ice and the melting ability of nitrate–ethanol compositions at temperatures of –5 and –10°C are determined. The compositions characterized by good anti-icing properties are revealed.

Phase equilibria in CaCl2–CaCl2⋅4CO(NH2)2–H2O system sections are studied at temperatures from 0 to –55°C. The earlier hypothesis that the formation of a low-temperature eutectic (–55°C) in the system is caused by CaCl2⋅4CO(NH2)2 is confirmed. A number of low-temperature eutectic mixtures promising for the development of anti-icing reagents on their basis are revealed.

Phase equilibria are studied in sections of the systems NaCl–CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O, CaCl 2 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O, and NaCl–CaCl 2 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O at temperatures from 0 to –57°C. The features of the mutual influence of the components on the temperatures of the eutectics in the systems and on the deicing ability of urea–salt mixtures are determined. It is found that the introduction of urea into the systems CaCl 2 –H 2 O and NaCl–CaCl 2 –H 2 O gives rise to low-temperature eutectics with crystallization temperatures of –54 and –57°C, which are promising for the development of low-temperature deicing agents on their basis.

Phase equilibria in sections of the Ca(NO3) system are investigated2–i-PrOH–H2O at temperatures below 0 °C and anti-icing properties of calcium nitrate and isopropanol compositions with a component ratio from 1 : 3 to 3: 1, temperatures, composition of eutectic with ice and melting ability of nitrate-isopropanol compositions at temperatures of -5 and -10 °C. Compositions characterized by good anti-icing properties have been identified.

A sample of the natural brine of the Volgogradskoe bischofite deposit is subjected to chemical analysis to determine the concentrations of macro- and microcomponents: magnesium, chlorine, potassium, lithium, bromine, and boron. The process of precipitation of magnesium carbonate MgCO 3 ⋅3H 2 O is developed and tested on the natural brine, and the behavior of the microcomponents (potassium, lithium, boron, and bromine) during precipitation is studied. The data obtained allow us to recommend a possible sequence of stages of extraction of components from bischofite brine during its processing. The conditions for obtaining magnesium oxide from magnesium carbonate are found.

Corrosivity to steel and aluminum alloys on the example of St3, D16T, and D16AT is studied for solutions containing sodium and calcium chlorides in a weight ratio of 3 : 1, and urea in a ratio of 10 to 90% to the NaCl + CaCl 2 mixture. It is determined that urea has no noticeable effect on the corrosivity of chlorides to the studied samples of steel and aluminum alloys.

Phase equilibria in sections of the sodium formate–glycerol–water system at temperatures of 0 to –47°C are studied by visual polythermal analysis. The ratio of sodium formate and glycerol in the sections is varied from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. It is determined that the introduction of glycerol to the sodium formate–water system decreases both the eutectic temperature and the deicing ability of the formate–glycerol mixtures, while the latter remain satisfactory. Identification is made of mixtures that are promising as new deicing agents with good deicing ability and high efficiency at lower temperatures (below –16°C) in comparison with sodium formate.

Phase equilibria in sections of the urea–ethylene glycol–water system were studied by visual polythermal analysis at temperatures of 0 to –66°C. The urea-to-ethylene glycol ratio in the sections was varied from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. Mixtures that form low-temperature eutectics were identified and were characterized as promising as new anti-icing agents with good ice-melting capacity.

Phase equilibria in sections of the calcium-nitrate–glycerol–water system at temperatures from 0 to –47°C are studied by visual polythermal analysis. The ratio of calcium nitrate and glycerol in the sections varies from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. It is found that all nitrate–glycerol compositions are characterized by good ice-melting capacity and form low-temperature eutectics. These compositions are promising for the development of new anti-icing agents on their basis.

Phase equilibria in sections of the potassium acetate–ethylene glycol–water system at temperatures from 0 to –66°C were studied by the visual-polythermal method. The potassium acetate to ethylene glycol ratio in sections was varied from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. Some compositions appeared to be candidates for new anti-icing agents having a good ice-melting ability over a wide range of temperatures.

Phase equilibria in sections of the potassium formate–glycerol–water system were studied by visual polythermal analysis at temperatures of 0 to –60°C. The potassium formate-to-glycerol ratio in the sections was varied from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. Mixtures that form low-temperature eutectics were found and were determined to be promising as new anti-icing agents with good ice-melting capacity.

Phase equilibria in sections of the potassium-formate–ethylene-glycol–water system at temperatures from 0 to –59°C with a potassium-formate–ethylene-glycol mass ratio from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3 are studied. A number of potassium-formate–ethylene-glycol compositions promising as efficient low-temperature anti-icing agents are identified. Their theoretical (under equilibrium conditions) ice-melting capacity at temperatures of –5 and –10°C is determined.

Phase equilibria along sections of the potassium acetate–glycerol–water system at temperatures from 0 to –62°C were studied by visual-polythermal analysis. The potassium acetate to glycerol ratio in the sections studied varied from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3. Compositions forming low-temperature eutectics were found to be candidate new anti-icing reagents having good ice-melting ability.

Phase equilibria in the sections of the Ca(NO 3 ) 2 –CO(NH 2 ) 2 –H 2 O system and the deicing properties of calcium nitrate and carbamide mixtures with a ratio between the components ranging from 90 : 10 to 40 : 60 have been studied. Eutectic temperatures with ice, melting ability at a temperature of –5 and ‒10°C, and the character of interaction with water (the occurrence of an endothermic or exothermic effect) have been determined for these mixtures. Mixtures having the best anti-icing properties are revealed.

Phase equilibria have been studied in the sections of the NaCl–CaCl2–H2O and NaCl–CaCl2–NaHCOO–H2O systems at different concentration ratios between the salts at temperatures below 0°C. The effect of sodium formate on the deicing properties of sodium and calcium chloride compositions is considered.

The phase composition of the product of thermal dehydration of a mixture of crystallohydrates of magnesium and calcium nitrates with a bulk composition Mg(NO3)2 · Ca(NO3)2 ⋅ 2.7H2O is determined via X-ray phase analysis and its IR spectrum is obtained. It is found that the sample solidifies upon cooling to form a compact nonhygroscopic mass. A sample with a higher concentration of water is hygroscopic and deliquescent in air. Deeper dehydration is accompanied by hydrolysis with the formation of basic salts. The anti-icing properties of the dehydrated nitrate sample are determined.

The phase equilibria at 0 to –22°C in the sections of a carbamide–sodium formate–water system with ratios CO(NH2)2 : NaHCOO from 3 : 1 to 1 : 3 and anti-icing properties of salt compounds are studied. It is found that a compound with ratio of 1 : 1 has a temperature of the eutectic with ice of –22°C; i.e., it significantly decreases in comparison with the temperatures of the eutectics in binary systems containing carbamide or sodium formate. The compounds are characterized by a high melting capacity in relation to ice.