In recent years, different screening programs have been performed in saline habitats in order to isolate and characterize novel enzymatic activities with different properties to those of conventional enzymes. Though covering a limited chemical space, vibrios produce compounds with attractive biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, and antivirulence activities. In the present study, a halophilic organism named V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from the infected Indian goat fish and characterized which was used for the screening of its production of hydrolases such as proteases. Mass production of the enzyme was carried out and partially purified by fractional precipitation and dialysis. The molecular weight was determined as 29kDa by SDS PAGE. For characterization, the activity of the purified protease was analyzed at various pH, temperature and in presence of various divalent ions. Anticoagulant and antifibrinolytic activity of the enzyme is screened. In the present study, the enzyme with bioactive potential was successfully coated on the layers of porous silicon for improving its efficacy for delivery as a drug by simple surface adsorption which was further subjected to FTIR, SEM and EDX analysis.

The prevalence of H. pylori is closely tied to socioeconomic conditions and accordingly, this infection is more common in developing countries than in developed countries such as the United States. Regardless, it has been estimated that 30–40% of the U.S. population is infected with H. pylori. Antimicrobial resistance is largely responsible for treatment failures. Resistance to metronidazole can frequently be overcome by increasing the dose and duration of treatment with acid suppression. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are the renewable living resources which are also used as food, feed and fertilizer in many parts of the world. Seaweeds are of nutritional interest as they contain low calorie food, but rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fibres. In these present investigation metabolites from seaweeds was evaluated for their antihelicobacterial activity. Two Helicobacter isolates were found in the samples and have been characterized based on selective biochemical and morphological characteristics. The isolates were screened for their antibiotics resistance / sensitivity pattern against twelve commercially availed antibiotics. Among the antibiotics ten of them exhibit sensitivity to the Helicobacter pylori isolates. But the isolates showed resistance to Nystatin, omeprazole, metronidazole, ranitidine, trimethoprim and methicillin. There are eleven marine seaweeds were collected from INFOKARA RESEARCH Volume 8 Issue 12 2019 1297 ISSN NO: 1021-9056 http://infokara.com/ Thondy coastal region ant they were screened for antihelicobacterial activity with crude metabolites. Among the seaweeds screened against both Helicobacter pylori isolates the seaweed Padina tetrastomatica (13, 16mm), Halmiola sp (9, 12mm) and Gracilaria edulis (6, 20mm) exhibit better antihelicobacterial activity in in vitro assay. The mass spectral data of LCMS report revealed that the peaks indicated, may be the presence of phenolic compounds and sulphated polysaccharides which were compared based on earlier reports on seaweeds.

To evaluate the bacteria belonging to genus Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus Sp E.coli, Klebsiella sp obtained from various clinical samples obtained from diagnostics labs and hospitals of Madurai were screened for their multi drug resistance using commercial antibiotics such as ampicillin trihydrate (A) Chloramphenicol(C) Gentamycin (G), Tetracycline hydrochloride (T), Ampicillin (A), Ceftazidime (CA), Amikacin(AK), Levofloxacin (LE), Cefuroxime (CU), Co-Trimoxazole (CO), Nalidixic acid (NA), Streptomycin (S). Isolates that exhibit showing multi drug- resistance were further evaluated for polymerase chain reaction. PCR to evaluate the resistant gene. The results showing Multidrug resistant gene that has as vehicles for transmission of genetic information involved in spread of antibiotic resistance into various species, and to analyze the gene possessing the features of MDR using PCR amplification of suspected genes associated with resistance production. Keywords: Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Pseudomonas sp, E. coli, Staphylococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, UV Mutation.

In this present investigation two bacterial strains were isolated from cement dumping site of RAMCO Cement factory, R.R.Nagar, Tamilnadu. These two strains were analyzed for based on their morphological, biochemical characteristics, the strain was identified as Bacillus species and Pseudomonas species. Bacillus species which growth in different cement concentrations as a sole nutrient source the maximum growth rate was observed at 3g supplementation of cement. The cement degrading bacteria Bacillus and Pseudomonas were studied on the effect of various parameters such as pH, temperature, incubation time, inoculum concentration. Gravimetric determination of cement degradation is a weight reduction process of cement cubes. In these Biodegradation, the maximum weight reduction was observed Bacillus in 72 hours (1.22g) and Pseudomonas in 72 hours (1.16g). Bioweathering action of silicates were tested for Ammonium molybdate yellow analysis method. These are measured at 400 nm. In Bacillus species the measurement of the bioweathering action of silicate is 0.68 and Pseudomanas in 0.72. In these production of 2-ketogluconic acid by bacterial isolate to evaluate silicate weathering. The hydrolysis of urea by the widely distributed enzyme urease is special that it is one of the few biologically occurring reactions that can generate carbonate ions without an associated production. When this hydrolysis occurs in a calcium rich environment calcite (Calcium carbonate) precipitates from solution forming a solid crystalline material. The binding strength of the precipitated crystals is highly dependent on the rate of carbonate formation and under suitable conditions. Keyword: Bacillus; Pseudomonas; Bioweathering; 2-Ketogluconic acid; Biocementation Ramanathan et al 519 J Pharm Chem Biol Sci , December 2015-February 2016; 3(4):518-527 major source of dangerous air pollution. The presence of some substance in concrete including useful and unwanted additives can cause health concerns due to toxicity and radioactivity. Cement is usually a grey powder before being mixed with other materials and water. Cement powder causes allergic reactions at skin contact and is irritating to skin, eyes and lungs. MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CEMENT DEGRADATION The purpose of the work has to expand the current knowledge of microbiological activity on the mineralogical properties on the concrete. It was hypothesized that perhaps certain strains of bacteria might find the unique environment within concrete suitable habitation, and through metabolic activity, damage the concrete either directly or indirectly. The goal of this study to expand the knowledge regarding the evidence of microbiological activity in concrete from two bacteria cultures such as Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1). Most research works have indicated that Bacillus plays a key role in the cement biodegradation process [2]. BIOWEATHERING ACTION OF SILICATE BY USING BACTERIA Some bacteria play an important role in mobilization of silica and silicates in nature. Part of this microbial involvement is manifested in the weathering of rock silicates and aluminosilicates. Bioweathering action of silicates seems not to be restricted to corrosive agents that have been excreted by appropriate microorganisms in to the bulkphase but can also involve microbes attached to the surface of silica or silicates [3]. Microbes have a significant influence on the distribution and form of silicon in the biosphere. Those organisms that assimilate silicon clearly act as concentrators of it. Those that degrade silica, silicates act as agents of silicon dispersion. BIOCEMENTATION Calcium carbonate precipitaton by bacteria has been done by using ureolytic bacteria are known as Biocement or Calcium Carbonate. Microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a bio-geochemical process that induces calcium carbonate precipitation within the soil matrix [4]. Biocement is made up of naturally occurring microorganisms. Thus it costs much less to produce, consumes much less energy, and is more environmentally friendly. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and processing of the sample The soil sample was collected from the cement dumping area site at R.R.Nagar 10Km from Virudhunagar town, Tamilnadu, India. Soil sample was collected using sterile scalpel, at 4cm depth and transferred to sterile polythene bag. Then the sample was used for further microbiological analysis. Serial dilution method [5]. The soil sample was serially diluted. 1g of cement soil sample was mixed with 99 ml of sterile distilled water in the conical flask. The diluted samples were used for the isolation of bacteria and these are identified as Morphological and Biochemical characteristics. Growth of bacterial isolates cement as substrate To determine the optimum medium substrate concentration for Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) growth rates. The isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas species were inoculated into silicate bacteria medium with different substrate concentration (cement) ranges such as 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g and 5g respectively. The effects of substrate concentration on Bacillus and Pseudomonas growth rates were recorded. Ramanathan et al 520 J Pharm Chem Biol Sci , December 2015-February 2016; 3(4):518-527 Effect of various parameters on the growth of cement degrading bacteria Effect of pH To determine the optimum medium pH for maximum Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) growth rate. The isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas species were inoculated into the silicate bacteria medium with different pH ranges such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The effect of pH on Bacillus and Pseudomonas on growth rates were recorded. Effect of temperature To determine the optimum medium temperature for Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) growth rate. The isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas species were inoculated into silicate bacteria medium with different temperature ranges such as 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C. The effect of temperature on Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) on growth rates were recorded. Effect of inoculum concentration To determine the optimum medium inoculums concentration for Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) growth rate. The isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas species were inoculated into silicate bacteria medium with different inoculums concentration ranges such as 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%. The effects of inoculums concentration on growth at Bacillus and Pseudomonas were recorded. Bioweathering of cement silicates Determination of silicate in the sample [6] The ammonium molybdate yellow analysis was performed by mixing 0.2 ml of sample (Bacillus and Pseudomonas) to 5 ml of 1N. H2SO4, followed by 5ml of 0.3M ammonium molybdate. The sample (Bacillus and Pseudomonas) were allowed to react with 5minutes and then it was measured at 400nm with a UV spectrophotometer. Production of 2-ketogluconic acid by pseudomonas (PS1) [7] Pseudomonas strains all of which were able to produce 2 ketogluconate from glucose. The action of these bacteria was tested in glucose containing basal medium. It was found that dissolution of silicates in these cases resulted from the complexation of the cationic components of the silicates by 2ketogluconate.These reactions were tested for Glucose containing basal medium. Characterization of 2-ketogluconic acid by paper chromatography [8] and HPLC Analysis [9] Samples were taken at regular intervals and paper chromatograms were run with the descending technique to determine the acids present. The solvent system employed was nButanol-Formic acid-Water (4:1.5:1). After equilibration, the papers were first irrigated with the solvent for 7 to 8 hr at 25°C, then airdried, and sprayed with an alkaline solution of 0.04% bromeresol green in 95% ethanol (pH adjusted to 11.5 to 11.8 with NaOH). Acids appeared as yellow spots on a blue background. When dry, the papers were sprayed again with 0.1% orthophenylenediamine in 95% ethanol containing 1% HNO3, and heated at 100°C for 4 to 5 min. The 2-ketogluconic acid appeared as a yellowish-green spot. The gluconate content represented as the sum of the concentrations of gluconolactone and gluconic acid was determined in the culture supematant obtained after centrifugation (15 min, 8000 rpm).The crude supernatant were analysed for HPLC analysis at Science Instrumentation Centre, ANJAC, Sivakasi. Urease activity The isolated Bacillus (BA1) and Pseudomonas (PS1) were tested for urease activity. This was done by streaking the purified cultures on urease test agar and incubated at 24 hours. Phenol hyphochlorite assay method [10] Ramanathan et al 521 J Pharm Chem Biol Sci , December 2015-February 2016; 3(4):518-527 The Urease positive isolate Bacillus (BA1) was further tested for the urease activity. This was determined in the media according to the phenol hyphochlorite assay method. Ammonium chloride (50-100μM) was used as standard. The culture filterates (250μl) were added to the mixture containing 1 ml of 0.1M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8) and 2.5ml of urea (0.1M). The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 5 minutes followed by addition of phenol nitroprusside and alkaline hyphochlorite. 1ml each and incubated at 37°C for 25 minutes. Optical density was measured at 626 nm. Screening of Biocementation [11] To 500 ml of water samples, 100ml (3M) concentrations of filtered urea and 100ml inoculums were added and incubated for one week at 37°C. After incubation the deposits of calcium carbonate was filtered using normal filter paper. After filtration the paper containing the deposits is kept inside the hot air oven at 35°C for 6hours.

Mushrooms are not plants, and require different conditions for optimal growth. Mushrooms derive all of their energy and growth materials from their growth medium, through biochemical decomposition processes. Pleurotus florida, Calocybe indica ranks second among the important cultivated mushroom in the world. It is one of the commonly used edible mushrooms as it is low in calories and fat, rich in amino acids, protein, vitamin, chitin and minerals. They also contain high amounts of amino butyric acid, ornithine, ascorbic acid, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin and folic acid. Mushrooms need anti-bacterial and antifungal compounds to survive in their natural environment. Therefore, antimicrobial compounds could be isolated from many mushroom species and could be of benefit for humans. As a matter of fact, macro fungi produce a large number of metabolites that show antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, hypoglycemic, antiallergic, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, hypo-lipidemic, and hepatoprotective activity. This paper was investigated on the cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (local & exotic strains) and P. sajarcaju were conducted to find out the growth and yield performance on different substrates and their antimicrobial activity against some human pathogens.

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes, which are found in a wide variety of habitats, namely, fresh water, marine, moist soil, saline and sodic soil as well as in thermophilic and psychrophilic conditions. In many environments, cyanobacteria are the primary producers at the base of the food web of the ecosystem such as marine water, hypersaline, brackish waters, soda lakes, freshwater, paddy fields, soils, deserts, cave walls, hot springs, polar regions and other extreme environments. Excess salt concentrations in sea water are said to be hypersaline environments. Salt pans are one of the hypersaline extreme environment exhibit wide range of environmental stress through salinity changes. The biodiversity of marine cyanobacteria were investigated in three salt pan regions such as Kovalam, Puthalam and Rajakamangalam in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India. The cyanobacterial mats were cultivated in three different cultivation media such as ASNIII, MNIII and BG11 marine broth. Morphological characterization was done. Among the saltpan studied for cyanobacterial diversity Kovalam site showed about twelve genera of cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, Microcystis, Spirullina, Chroococcus and Calothrix were dominant with 18 cyanobacterial species under five families were reported when compared with other two saltpan regions studied.

Objective: To identify the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of seaweed plants against Plasmodium falciparum strains. Methods: A total of eight seaweeds were collected from Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, India. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity was performed in 96 well plates against Plasmodium falciparum, and preliminary phytochemical analysis were performed for the extracts. Results: Of the selected plants Enteromorpha intestinalis (2.61%) showed maximum percentage of extraction. The minimum concentration of inhibitory (IC50) value was observed with Chaetomorpha antennina [(26.37 +/- 4.14) mu g/mL] further, the positive controls such as chloroquine and artemether showed antiplasmodial activities (IC50) with (19.10 +/- 5.93) and (6.03 +/- 0.21) mu g/mL concentrations, respectively. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the seaweed extracts showed a variety of phytochemical constituents such as carboxylic acids, phenols, protein, resins, steroids and sugars. Conclusions: The antiplasmodial activity of the seaweed extract might due to the presence of sugars and phenolic compounds. From the present findings, it is concluded that, the seaweed extract of Chaetomorpha antennina can be further used as a putative antiplasmodial drugs in near future.

Fusarium oxysporum, isolated from infected tomato plant parts, produced maximum cellulase at optimum parameters (pH, 6.0; temp., 50°C; and incubation period, 12 d) in cellulase enzyme production broth having 1% CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) as a cellulose substrate. Activities of purified cellulases (mol wt, 24, 29 and 45 kDa) were stimulated by concentrations (0-70 mM) of Na + and Mg ++ , while EDTA inhibited enzyme activity at all concentrations.

Objective To examine the potential value of routine measurement of cervical length in singleton low-risk pregnancies at 37 weeks of gestation in the prediction of onset and outcome of labor.Methods Cervical length was measured by transvaginal sonography at 37 weeks in 1571 singleton low-risk pregnancies. Outcome measures were gestation at spontaneous onset of labor, post-term delivery, duration of labor and mode of delivery.Results The median cervical length at 37 weeks was 30 mm and there was a significant association between cervical length and gestation at delivery, which increased from a mean of 3 8 weeks for cervical length of 10 mm to 41 weeks for cervical length of 35 mm. The incidence of delivery after 40 weeks and 10 days was 296 (18.8%) and the incidence increased with cervical length at 37 weeks from 0% to 6%, 35% and 68% for respective cervical lengths of < 20, 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 mm. In the pregnancies with spontaneous onset of labor the incidence of Cesarean section for failure to progress increased from 3.6% to 6.0%, 6.4% and 11.8% for cervical lengths of < 20, 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 mm, respectively. In the pregnancies requiring induction for post-term the incidence of Cesarean section for failed induction or failure to progress increased from 7.5% to 20.1% to 25.0% for cervical lengths of 21-30, 31-40 and 41 50 mm, respectively.Conclusion Measurement of cervical length at 3 7 weeks can define the likelihood of spontaneous delivery before 40 weeks and 10 days and the risk of Cesarean section in those requiring induction for prolonged pregnancy. Copyright (C) 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Bacterial density of Azospirillum was found higher in the roots of Avicennia marina (148.88 x 10(4) 9(-1) dry weight) and rhizosphere sediment of Suaeda monoica (20.0 x 10(3) g(-1) dry weight). The growth, production of indole acetic acid (IAA) and the rate of nitrogen fixation in Azospirillum brasilense were found to be maximum at pH 7.0. At 3 % NaCl, it showed better growth and production of IAA, however the rate of nitrogen fixation was slowed down at 1 % NaCl and was completely arrested at 1.5 %. The percentage of germination in coastal crop plants increased by 70 % in black gram and 45 % in rice with the inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense compared with control. The saline tolerant Azospirillum is recommended as biofertilizer for improving crop yield in coastal agricultural fields.

Background Induction of labor is carried out in approximately 20% of pregnancies. However, approximately 20% of women having induction of labor end up having a Cesarean delivery. The traditional method of predicting whether an induced labor will result in successful vaginal delivery is based on the preinduction,'favourability' of the cervix as assessed by the Bishop score. However, this assessment is subjective and several studies have shown a poor predictive value for the outcome of induction.Objectives To examine the relationship between preinduction sonographically measured cervical length and the Bishop score and to compare the two measurements in the prediction of successful vaginal delivery within 24 h of induction.Methods In this multicenter study, preinduction cervical assessment was undertaken in 240 women with singleton pregnancies at 37-42 weeks of gestation. The Bishop score was assessed by digital examination and the cervical length was measured by transvaginal sonography.Results Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that cervical length, Bishop score and parity provided independent contribution in the prediction of the likelihood of delivering vaginally within 24 h. Further examination of the different components of the Bishop score showed that only cervical length provided a significant contribution in the prediction of the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h. In the receiver operating characteristic curves, the best cut-off point for the prediction of successful induction was 28 mm for cervical length and 3 for the Bishop score. However, cervical length appears to be a better predictor than the Bishop score, with a sensitivity of 0.87 and a specificity of 0.71 compared to 0.58 and 0.77, respectively. Similarly, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicate that better discriminatory results in the prediction of vaginal delivery within 24 h are achieved using cervical length rather than the Bishop score.Conclusion Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length provides a useful prediction of the likelihood of vaginal delivery within 24 h of induction.

Ammonium chloride (AC) and ammonium sulphate (AS) are commonly used nitrogen fertilizers. But the effect of chloride and sulphate ions from these fertilizers on soil enzyme activity has received scant attention. Hence, we conducted a pot culture study to assess the influence of chloride (as AC) and sulphate (as AS) on the activities of urease, amidase, phosphatase and dehydrogenase in soil using rice as the test crop. Chloride and sulphate levels were fixed at 132, 264 and 396 kg ha(-1) respectively. Controls were also performed.The enzymes were assayed al three stages of the crop growth viz., active tillering, panicle initiation and harvest. The enzyme activities decreased with increasing chloride and sulphate levels; however, the degree of inhibition varied among the enzymes assayed and the nature and amounts of salts added. The inhibition may be due to the specific effects of chloride and sulphate ions on microbial growth and subsequent enzyme synthesis, osmotic desiccation leading to microbial cell lysis, and a salting-our effect modifying the ionic conformation of the active site of the enzyme protein.

Summary Fortified milk systems were prepared by blending pasteurized standardized milk with skim milk powder, peanut flour or peanut protein isolate to 15, 18, 20, and 23% total solids followed by processing at 60°C and 80°C for 30min and storage at 4°C for 24h. Curds were prepared by the lactic fermentation of the processed milk systems. The rheological properties showed that all the systems exhibited pseudoplastic flow. The flow became less Newtonian with increasing total solids, heat treatment, and storage. Curd obtained from the fortified milk processed at 80°C showed increased yield stress and curd strength with the increasing concentration. Degree of heat treatment, total solids content and storage were shown to have a pronounced effect on the apparent viscosity, consistency index, and yield stress of the fortified milk systems.

A many-body kinetic equation is presented. It has an H-theorem showing that initial distributions evolve irreversibly towards the canonical equilibrium.