Purpose: To compare two small-dose solutions (with and without epinephrine) for spinal anesthesia during outpatient laparoscopy and to determine spinal cord function with these low-dose solutions.

Purpose: The efficacy of low dose intrathecal lidocaine-sufentanil was compared with intrathecal sufentanil for short duration outpatient gynecological laparoscopy. Methods: Thirteen ASA I and II patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy were studied in a randomized double-blind trial. Patients received either intrathecal 10 mg lidocaine plus 10 µg sufentanil (Group LS) or intrathecal 20 µg sufentanil (Group S), each diluted to 3 mL with sterile water through a 27 g Whitacre needle in the sitting position. Sensory and motor recovery were assessed with pinprick and a modified Bromage scale. Results: One of seven Group LS patients and two of five Group S patients required conversion to general anesthesia for failed skin test with forceps. Two of the remaining three Group S patients felt sharpness with skin incision. The study was terminated early because of inadequate anesthesia in Group S. The small sample size (n=9) made statistical analysis uninformative. Conclusion: Intrathecal 20 µg sufentanil is unsuitable as a sole agent for gynecological laparoscopy.

Purpose: To apply a population pharmacodynamic model to small-dose hypobaric spinal anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy.

Purpose: To compare the cost and effectiveness of small-dose spinal anesthesia (SP) with general anesthesia (GA) for outpatient laparoscopy.

Purpose: To determine the characteristics and recovery profiles of three hypobaric spinal anesthetic solutions.