This study examines the impact of laser shock peening (LSP) on the mechanical properties, microstructural features, and elemental distribution of stainless steel 316L (SS316L) produced using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The investigation focuses on significant changes in mechanical behavior, surface topography, and porosity following LSP treatment, comparing these results to the untreated condition. LSP treatment significantly enhanced the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) of WAAM-fabricated SS316L samples. The UTS of the as-manufactured WAAM specimen was 548 MPa, which progressively increased with higher LSP intensities to 595 MPa for LSP-1, 613 MPa for LSP-2, and 634.5 MPa for LSP-3, representing a maximum improvement of 15.8%. The YS showed a similar trend, increasing from 289 MPa in the as-manufactured specimen to 311 MPa (LSP-1) and 332 MPa (LSP-2), but decreasing to 259 MPa for LSP-3, indicating over-peening effects. Microstructural analysis revealed that LSP induced severe plastic deformation and reduced porosity from 14.02% to 4.18%, contributing to the improved mechanical properties. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the formation of an oxide layer post-LSP, with an increase in carbon (C) and oxygen (O) elements and a decrease in chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) elements on the surface, attributed to localized pressure and heat impacts. LSP-treated samples exhibited enhanced mechanical performance, with higher tensile strengths and improved ductility at higher laser intensities. This is due to LSP effectively enhancing the mechanical properties and structural integrity of WAAM-fabricated SS316L, reducing porosity, and refining the microstructure. These improvements make the material suitable for critical applications in the aerospace, automotive, and biomedical fields.

This study explores the synergistic effect of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured (WAAM) NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) subjected to laser shock peening (LSP) on the surface morphology, microstructure, tensile properties, and fracture behavior, with a prime focus on enhancing material performance for advanced engineering applications. NiTi walls were fabricated using the WAAM technique and subjected to laser shock peening (LSP) with various intensities. The microstructural study of the as-manufactured (AM) NiTi alloy displayed a non-uniform distribution of phases, including retained austenite and martensite, which was refined with successive LSP treatments. The application of LSP treatment resulted in surface plastic deformation and enhanced carbon diffusion with Ni-enriched surface. Phase transition behavior was assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. For martensitic and austenitic transformations, the AM samples showed wide temperature ranges. Transformation temperatures gradually decreased with successive LSP treatments, suggesting that the austenitic phase had stabilized; this is mainly due to the microstructural refinement brought on by LSP, demonstrating how LSP can be used to customize phase transformation properties for improved functional performance. Microtensile testing demonstrated that LSP had a substantial positive impact on both the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the NiTi alloy. The LSP-3 (10 GW/cm2) treated sample exhibited a maximum UTS of 426.57 MPa and a toughness of 17.90 MJ/mm3. Post-SEM fractographic study of the AM NiTi samples displayed a brittle fracture mode, which was characterized by hard cleavage facets. The use of LSP treatment resulted in the development of a more uniform surface characterized by transgranular fracture properties and ductile tearing, which suggests an enhancement in toughness and strength. In addition, the application of LSP resulted in a considerable decrease in porosity in the samples. The samples treated with LSP-3 had the lowest porosity measuring at 4.10

One-bath dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric using reactive dye as colorant and silver chloride (AgCl) as an antibacterial agent was conducted to streamline the process and enhance its economic efficiency. The effectiveness of the antibacterial agent in reactive dyeing of cotton fabric, was evaluated through exhaust method with 0.5% AgCl and continuous (pad dry cure) method with 5 g/l of AgCl, utilizing various dye concentrations (1%, 3%, 5% for exhaust; 1g/l, 3g/l, 5g/l for pad dry cure) according to a standard reactive dye recipe. Characterization of the one-bath dyed, and antibacterial finished cotton fabric was performed using K/S values to determine the optimal dye shade concentration and antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion method. It was observed that the exhaust method revealed an optimum dye concentration at (AgCl 0.5% and dye 5%), while pad dry cure method showedoptimal dye concentration at (AgCl 5g/l and dye 5g/l). Antibacterial tests were conducted on the optimal specimens from both methods (AgCl 0.5%, 0.2%, dye 0.5% for exhaust; dye 5g/l, AgCl 5g/l, 2g/l for pad dry cure), showcasing resistance against bacterial growth. While inhibition zones were observed on treated specimens of the exhaust method, whereas the treated specimens of the pad dry cure method exhibited complete resistance to bacterial growth around the specimen.

Additive manufacturing technologies collectively refer to a set of layer-wise deposition methods that typically rely on CAD-CAM approaches for obtaining products with a complex shape/geometry and high precision and reliability. If the additive manufacturing of polymers is relatively easy and scalable due to the low temperatures needed to obtain processable inks, using similar technologies to fabricate ceramic products is indeed more challenging and expensive but, on the other hand, allows for obtaining high-quality results that would not be achievable through conventional methods. Furthermore, the implementation of additive manufacturing allows for the addressing of some important concerns related to the environment and sustainability, including the minimization of resource depletion and waste production/disposal. Specifically, additive manufacturing technologies can provide improvements in energy consumption and production costs, besides obtaining less waste material and less CO2 emissions, which are all key points in the context of the circular economy. After providing an overview of the additive manufacturing methods which are specifically applied to ceramics, this review presents the sustainability elements of these processing strategies, with a focus on both current and future benefits. The paucity of specific available studies in the literature-which are included and discussed in this review-suggests that the research on additive manufacturing sustainability in the field of ceramic materials is in the preliminary stage and that more relevant work still deserves to be carried out in the future to explore this fascinating field at the boundary among ceramics science/technology, production engineering and waste management.

This study focuses on implementing a novel approach in which clay 3D-printed matrices were designed as a passive comfort solution to enhance indoor moisture buffering and air quality. Liquid Deposition Modeling additive manufacturing and parametric design were implemented to develop the components, which were characterized for having an increased specific surface exposed to air and moisture per volume unit, which showed to significantly enhance moisture buffering. This revealed a clear linear relationship between the two parameters. Additionally, the components showed a significant increase in the practical Moisture Buffering Value (MBV) and mass reduction compared to a solid clay reference. Furthermore, this research analyzed the influence of two stabilization techniques on the moisture uptake capacity of the samples, i.e. thermal treatment at different temperatures between 600-1000°C and mixing with calcium hydroxide paste within the 10-40% range. Finally, the morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and crystallographic (X-ray diffraction) analyses of the samples show a correlation between microstructural modifications and the variations of moisture uptake capacity and MBV. In addition, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements revealed that sample porosity decreased as the temperature of the thermal treatment increased, showing a correlation with the decrease of practical MBV.

Conventional screen printing has been there for quite some time as a commercially viable technology for printing textiles; however, the traditional screen-printing process has certain limitations, including limited design accuracy, color inconsistency, smear, etc., which adversely affect the resultant prints. Compared to traditional screen-printing techniques, digital printing technology (DPT) is a relatively new and developing technique with the potential to overcome the limitations suffered by screen-printing techniques. Fast printing speed, design accuracy, and ability to print with both dispersed, as well as reactive inks. Disperse inks are used for synthetic fiber, such as polyester based textiles, whereas for fabrics like cotton, wool, and silk, reactive inks are preferred. DPT has the ability to print designs with ~ three times higher resolution (i.e., 1200 dots per inch (dip)). Additionally, superfast changeover time between inks, that is only 10 minutes, in DPT gives it an edge over the traditional process, which requires ~ 120 minutes to change inks. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide readers with an overview of different equipment used for DPT.

Human observation of color varies from person to person. It also depends on a number of factors, such as likes, dislikes, light resources, background, and observers’ health conditions. The color we see reflects a specific wavelength (300–700 nm) perceived by the human mind through the eyes. Every industry dealing with colors, such as textiles (dyeing & printing) and paints, must have scientific and systematic color measurement and management. The color industry has advanced a lot, and various color measurement and management systems have been developed. The textile printing industry requires effective color measuring, management, and design solutions. It is highly demanded in the industry to have the life and preview monitoring of color or digitalization of colors. This chapter mainly discussed the various tools of color measuring, management, and designing tools for textile printing.

Colorants have remained the focus of research and development for many decades due to their importance in the textile dyeing and printing industry and their environmental impacts. With recent advancements in the digital printing of textiles and printing techniques, the issue of ink compatibility with all types of printing techniques remains a challenge. Therefore, the ink system has continuously been modified and developed per printing technology. Digital printing has achieved an elevated level of attention from industrialists and researchers as it has a better print quality and performance range of colors. This chapter discusses dye-based inks (reactive, acid, dispersed) and pigment inks, their application, and their interaction with the fiber polymer system. The properties of inks required for digital printing are also addressed briefly. Digital printing is the future of textile printing; in the future digital printing will expand largely, and commercial production will solely be done on digital printing.

Digital printing is a method of printing straight from a digital image to a wide range of substrates. Since there is no necessity to change the printing plate, digital printing has a faster turnaround time and lower cost. In most techniques, the ink or toner does not penetrate the substrate as traditional ink does but instead produces a thin coating on the surface that can be bonded to the substrate further by a fuser fluid that uses thermal (toner) or UV curing (ink). Inkjet printing is computer printing that recreates a digital image by propelling ink droplets onto various media. Two leading technologies are used in contemporary inkjet printers for drop generation: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD). During Ink formulation, the preferred ink is characterized by viscosity and surface tension characteristics. Fixed-head and disposable-head printer heads are the two basic design approaches. A cleaning mechanism is applied to avoid ink drying on the print head's nozzles, causing the pigments and dyes to dry out and form a solid block of hardened mass that plugs the tiny ink passageways. There are different digital printers, such as printer types, professional models, SOHO multifunction inkjet photo printers, professional inkjet photo printers, and compact photo printers. The final phase in the printing process is transforming from a liquid deposit to the required solid substance. Usually, this transition is followed by a decrease in volume. The use of inkjet printing for advanced materials applications faces difficulty regarding feature quality. The amount of the expelled drop limits the sharpness of any printed item.

The research presents a study on the coloration of PCL nanofibers by two different dyeing techniques namely continuous (pad-dry-cure) and semicontinuous (pad-batch) dyeing methods using disperse dyes. The PCL nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning technique. The dyeing process parameters such as curing temperature, curing time and batching time were optimized. Subsequent to optimization, the nanofibers were dyed at different dye concentrations. The PCL nanofiber samples were characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. The dye uptakes were measured by K/S values. The optimized curing temperature and time were 40 degrees C and 70 s, whereas higher K/S values were obtained at 24 h batching time. The colorfastness test for washing revealed nanofibers possessed good color fastness. The dyeability of the PCL nanofibers suggested its potential for varying colored nanofiber applications.

The aim of this work was to discuss the suitability of the joining process called "RM-Wrap" (RM = Refractory Metals, ie, Mo, Nb, Ta, Zr) as a pressure-less and tailorable technique to join several different ceramics such as SiC, alumina, and mullite (3Al(2)O(3).2SiO(2)). In the RM-Wrap joining technique the refractory metal foil is used as a wrap containing one or more silicon foils. It is performed at 1450 degrees C, under flowing argon, and the resulting joining materials are in situ formed composites made of refractory metal disilicides (MoSi2, NbSi2, TaSi2, or ZrSi2) embedded in a silicon-rich matrix; their coefficient of thermal expansion has been calculated and the Laser Flash Method was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of one of them (MoSi2/Si) in 25 degrees C-1000 degrees C range, then to calculate its thermal conductivity. All the obtained joints are uniform, continuous, and crack free. Some preliminary oxidation tests were carried out on all joints at 1100 degrees C, 6 hours in air, giving unchanged morphology of the interface and the joining materials itself; the joint strength of RM-Wrap joined SiC was measured at room temperature using three different mechanical tests: (a) single lap (SL), (b) single lap off-set (SLO) and (c) torsion on hourglass-shaped samples (THG) (on Mo-wrap joined SiC).

We present our research on dyeability of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers following ultrasonic dyeing method. Although PAN has been extensively utilized in textile apparel, sportswear, upholstery and home furnishing, however, coloration of PAN nanofibers has not yet been reported. PAN is a compact fiber while the nanofiber structure makes it more difficult to color PAN nanofibers. PAN is generally dyed with basic dyes and dyeing is carried out in acidic conditions, while the dyeing process takes about two hours at boiling temperature. A systematic study on dyeability of PAN nanofibers will extend its use in textile apparel industry. Thus, we used ultrasonic energy and first time conducted our research on dyeability of electrospun PAN nanofibers using disperse dyes. Dyeing process parameters such as dyeing time, temperatures and concentrations of dyes were optimized. Ultrasonic dyeing of PAN nanofibers was compared with its conventional dyeing as well. Affect of ultrasonic dyeing on the morphology, chemical state, crystallographic structure and mechanical strength of PAN nanofibers has been studied. PAN nanofiber samples were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD and tensile strength tests. The results revealed 80 degrees C and 60 min as optimum temperature and time for ultrasonic dyeing of PAN nanofibers. The ultrasonic dyeing does not affect morphology, chemical and crystalline structure of the PAN nanofibers while it improves their mechanical strength. Our research suggests dyeability of PAN nanofibers with disperse dyes by ultrasonic method and their subsequent use in textile apparels.

SiC foams sandwiched between two Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC) skins are of interest for several high temperature applications ranging from aeronautics to energy production. In this paper, SiC foams were joined to C/SiC composites by the "Mo-wrap" method to obtain sandwich structures. The Mo-wrap method is a recently developed joining technique: it consists of wrapping Si foils inside a Mo wrap in order to prevent molten silicon leaking from the joined area and infiltrating SiC foam and C/SiC during the joining process. Compression and thermal shock resistance tests were performed on the C/SiC - SiC foam - C/SiC sandwich obtaining sound results. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The RM-wrap (RM = Refractory Metal) is a pressure-less, versatile and tailorable joining process: it consists of wrapping Si foils inside a refractory metal wrap (i.e., Mo, Nb, Ta) in order to prevent molten silicon from leaking outside the joined region and infiltrating the facing materials during the joining process. RM-wrap (RM = Mo, Nb, Ta) has been successfully applied to join C/SiC composites in this work: optimized joining treatment consisted of heating to 1450 degrees C with a heating rate of 1000 degrees C/h followed by a dwell time of 5 min in a non-reactive environment of Argon flow. The joints were characterized by morphological analysis and lap shear tests at room temperature and 1000 degrees C. Microscopical analysis revealed an in-situ formed composite joint consisting of a silicon matrix reinforced with silicides of the refractory metals. Joining material exhibited continuous and cracked free bonding with C/SiC irrespective of composite fibre orientation. Joints lap shear strength values at 1000 degrees C were higher than at room temperature, probably due to the brittle to ductile transition (BTDT) of silicon and silicides. Vickers microhardness on refractory metal disilicides measured inside the joints showed a trend similar to their mechanical strength, with higher lap shear strength and hardness for Mo-Wrap and lower for Ta-wrap joints.

A MoSi2/Si composite obtained in situ by reaction of silicon and molybdenum at 1450 degrees C in Ar flow is proposed as pressure-less joining material for C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites. A new "Mo-wrap" technique was developed to form the joining material and to control silicon infiltration in porous composites. MoSi2/Si composite joining material infiltration inside coated and uncoated C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites, as well as its microstructure and interfacial reactions were studied. Preliminary mechanical strength of joints was tested at room temperature and after aging at service temperatures, resulting in interlaminar failure of the composites in most cases.