The use of spinning disc reactor (SDR) technology for the concentration of apple juice was investigated. The apple juice was passed over the SDR disc spinning at 2000rpm, heated at 90-120°C, and at a flow rate of 7mL s -1 . Experimental results showed that the SDR has no significant detrimental effects on the physicochemical properties and quality of the apple juice after the concentration process, despite using high processing temperatures (90- 120°C). Due to the short residence time of the SDR, the thermally-induced colour change of the concentrates has been minimized. All apple juice concentrate samples exhibited narrow particle size distributions with the average particle size in the range 0.1 to 12μm. The SDR-made reconstituted apple juices are comparable to both the original pure-pressed apple juice sample and the commercial reconstituted product. Volatile components (ester, aldehyde and alcohol) collected during the concentration process were analyzed with GC-MS, and the analysis suggests the formation of new aroma compounds (ethyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol and 2-hexenal) which can be added back to the reconstituted apple juice to enhance its sensory quality.

Summary Spinning disc reactor (SDR) technology was tested to produce an ice cream base, which was subsequently used to make model ice cream. The ice cream base containing butterfat, lecithin, xanthan gum, sugar, skimmed milk and double cream was passed over the SDR disc spinning at 2900 rpm, heated at 80 °C and at a flow rate 6 mL s −1 . The physical properties of the SDR‐processed ice cream base such as particle size and viscosity measurments, and of model ice cream including overrun, meltdown rate and sensory perception were investigated. The SDR‐processed ice cream base exhibits narrow particle‐size distribution (average particle d 32 = 1.65 μm, d 43 = 2.98 μm) and the viscosity was found to be similar at zero and 18 h ageing, whilst the model ice cream requires zero‐hour ageing and has a high overrun value (∼85%) and slow meltdown rate as compared with a commercial sample. The results reveal that the SDR is capable of producing a highly stable ice cream base that requires significantly less ageing than the 18 h typically associated with the traditional process of making ice cream. The SDR process provides intense mixing of ingredients which facilitates the hydration of milk proteins and stabilisers.

This paper details the initial development of a method for determining the associated recurring labour costs for the manufacture of a aircraft component that will form the basis for a computerised methodology for determining the optimum manufacturing method for a component design. The research focuses on the flow of process steps to manufacture an aircraft component for the vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding and resin transfer moulding manufacturing process. The methodology developed is based on applying MIT cost equations to process steps from which cost variables and constants are established to represent an estimated costing of the aircraft structure. This research will assist in providing a swifter and more accurate conceptual design/manufacturing system that includes an analysis of cost and will assist the production of trade studies that consider the manufacture of aircraft components using cost-effective technologies, such as liquid moulding.

Cost estimation techniques for carbon composite structures in the aerospace industry are many and varied. Whether they are statistically based or process flow based, they all require information founded on the structure itself. Often, at the initial design stage of a component, one of the best sources of this information is the finite element (FE) model. Work has been undertaken to enable the FE model to be used as a basis for determining the recurring, manufacturing costs of an aerospace carbon fibre composite component. This work has been specialised to aircraft control surface structures, as produced by the Australian Aircraft Industry. At the initial design stage the cost estimate does not need to be very accurate, but must be good enough to enable the design engineer understand: 1) the relative cost benefits of various designs, 2) the main cost drivers and where the associated costs may be reduced, and 3) an approximate cost for the final product that may be used to indicate the feasibility of continuing with the investment of time and money. New costing procedures, based on an established methodology, have been developed using the Ansys FE analysis software and the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL). These procedures calculate the cost to manufacture a structure, represented by an FE model, using advanced carbon fibre composite techniques and return this value to the system. The cost returned may form the basis of an optimisation loop conducted by either the FE software or the engineer.

Review: Information Anxiety 2 Graham Clayton, Reviewed by Graham Clayton, Reviewed by Computer science student, North London University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Computer Bulletin, Volume 43, Issue 6, November 2001, Pages 30–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/combul/43.6.30-c Published: 01 November 2001