Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 177 Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (RLT) in patients with disseminated prostate cancer who were followed up in healthcare institutions of the Moscow Department of Health and received treatment outside of clinical trials. Materials and methods : This retrospective study included patients with disseminated prostate cancer treated with 177 Lu-PSMA RLT and followed up at outpatient oncology centers in Moscow between January 1, 2022, and December 1, 2025. Inclusion criteria: histologically verified prostate adenocarcinoma, radiological signs of metastatic disease, and treatment with at least 1 cycle of 177 Lu-PSMA RLT. Exclusion criteria: absence of data on ≥ 1 177 Lu-PSMA administration and ≥ 1 follow-up examination after treatment initiation. The primary endpoint was radiologic progression-free survival (rPFS). The secondary endpoints included the PSA50 response rate (defined as a ≥ 50 % decline in prostate-specific antigen from baseline), PSA progression-free survival (PSA-PFS), progression-free survival according to the Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 criteria (PFSPCWG3), overall survival (OS), time to clinical deterioration, safety, and toxicity. Results : A total of 41 patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 72 years (range: 53–85). At RLT initiation (baseline), 9 patients (21.9 %) had ECOG PS scores of 2–3. Twenty-nine patients (70.7 %) had been previously treated with ≥ 1 taxane and ≥ 1 androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI). Castration resistance prior to RLT initiation was observed in 40 patients (97.6 %). The median baseline PSA level was 121.7 ng / mL (range: 0.6–4987.7). All patients had PSMA-positive metastases; in 3 cases (7.3 %), these were accompanied by clinically significant PSMA-negative metastases. All patients received 177 Lu-PSMA RLT (median of 4 cycles [range, 1–8]). Forty patients (97.6 %) received RLT concomitantly with continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); 11 patients (26.8 %) received RLT during ADT in combination with an ARSI; 3 patients (7.3 %) underwent combined systemic radiopharmaceutical therapy (2 patients [4.9 %] with 177 Lu-PSMA / 153 Sm, and 1 patient [2.4 %] with 177 Lu-PSMA / 225 Ac-PSMA). The median follow-up duration was 10 months (range: 0.4–30). The PSA50 response rate was 46.3 %, median rPFS was 6.2 months (95 % confidence interval [CI], 4.7–7.7), median PSA-PFS was 5.2 months (95 % CI, 2.7–7.7), median PFSPCWG3 was 5.7 months (95 % CI, 4.8–6.5), median OS was 11.4 months (95 % CI, 6.2–16.6), and median time to clinical deterioration was 5.8 months (95 % CI, 3.9–7.8). Serious AEs were reported in 18 patients (43.9 %), AE-related RLT discontinuation was required in 8 cases (19.5 %), and AE-related death was reported in 3 cases (7.3 %). Grade 3–4 anemia developed in 15 patients (36.6 %), grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia in 14 patients (34.1 %), and neutropenia in 17 patients (41.5 %). Conclusion : Data from real-world clinical practice confirm the effectiveness of 177 Lu-PSMA RLT in patients with disseminated prostate cancer. However, the safety profile raises significant concern. These findings highlight the need for a more balanced approach to patient selection for RLT.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of avelumab maintenance therapy in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) in real-world practice. Methods: This ambispective study included patients with metastatic UC and measurable tumor lesions, without progression during and after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy (CHT), who received avelumab maintenance therapy (800 mg IV every 2 weeks). The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS). Results: The study included 110 patients, with a predominance of men (81 %). The median age of all patients was 65 (range, 36–84) years. With a median follow-up of 11.9 months, the median OS was not reached; the one-year OS was 78.7 %. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 9.5 months (95 % CI, 7.8–11.2 months). The objective response rate (ORR) to first-line chemotherapy was 48.2 %. Of the 97 patients with an evaluated objective response, 38 (39.2 %) demonstrated additional objective responses to avelumab therapy (16 complete and 22 partial responses). Grade 3 adverse events during avelumab therapy were observed in 11.8 % of patients. Conclusions: The efficacy and safety of avelumab maintenance therapy in real-world practice are comparable to those in the pivotal study.

Aim . To evaluate advisability and safety of prostate biopsy in men aged ≥75 years with asymptomatic prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and methods . The retrospective study included data of 206 patients aged ≥75 years with asymptomatic verified PCa. Median age was 83.0 (76.0–97.0) years. Indications for biopsy were increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≥4 ng/mL (188 (91.3 %)), palpable tumor of the prostate (8 (3.9 %)) or lesions identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and suspected for PCa (10 (4.8 %)). Median baseline PSA level was 11.9 (1.8–103.0) ng/mL. All patients underwent prostate biopsy. Results. Complications of prostate biopsy were registered in 3 (1.5 %) of 206 patients. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate was verified in all cases (ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) grade 4–5 in 50 (24.3 %) samples). сТ3–4 category was diagnosed in 49 (23.8 %), сN1 – in 12 (5.8 %), сМ0 – in 206 (100 %) cases. The groups of intermediate unfavorable, high and very high risks included 133 (64.6 %) patients. Patients aged ≥80 years compared to patients aged 75–79 years demonstrated significantly increased rates of ISUP grade 4–5 adenocarcinomas (26.8 % vs.14.3 %), Т3–4 categories (26.8 % vs.11.9 %), and PCa of intermediate unfavorable, high and very high risks (68.3 % vs. 50/0 %) (p <0.05 for all). Frequency of detection of PCa of intermediate unfavorable, high and very high risks was significantly higher for PSA ≥10 ng/mL (p <0.0001) and was 100 % for MRI-detected lesions of the prostate PI-RADS 5 (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System). In 15 (7.3 %) cases, delayed treatment was administered, in 92 (44.6 %) cases – radical treatment, in 99 (48.1 %) – immediate drug treatment. Median follow-up was 38.6 (1.4–234.2) months, 17 (8.3 %) of 206 patients died including 4 (1.9 %) patients due to PCa. No differences in survival were observed in the treatment groups. Conclusion . Prostate biopsy in men aged ≥75 years is associated with low complication rate. The frequency of detection of aggressive PCa forms in men aged ≥75 years is high and increases with age. Probability of detection of aggressive PCa significantly increased for baseline PSA ≥10 ng/mL and MRI-visualized prostate lesions PI-RADS 5.

Objective: to compare the results of approaches used in real clinical practice to the treatment of elderly patients with primary non-metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Material: a retrospective study based on the EMIAS database included medical information on patients aged 75 years and older with verified non-metastatic PCa who were under observation at the Central Administrative District Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Health Department from July 31, 2000 to January 18, 2024. Patients were included in the study if there was available information on concomitant diseases, the prevalence of the tumor process, treatment tactics, the chronology of the course and outcome of PCa, the date of the last observation or death, as well as the cause of death if it was registered. Results: The data of 401 patients aged ≥ 75 years with verified non-metastatic prostate cancer were included. The median age was 84.0 (75.0–99.0) years. The median Charlson comorbidity index was 7 (4–12). The median baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 12.0 (0.3–182.1) ng / ml. All patients had verified prostate adenocarcinoma (ISUP grade 4–5–87 (21.7 %)). The cT category was assessed as cT3–4 in 91 (22.7 %), the cN1 category was diagnosed in 22 (5.5 %) patients. Patients were classified into intermediate unfavorable, high and very high risk groups in 235 (58.6 %) cases. In 113 (28.2 %) cases, radical treatment was performed (external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) — 113 (28.2 %), radical prostatectomy — 37 (9.2 %), brachytherapy — 14 (3.5 %), ablation — 2 (0.5 %)), in 202 (50.4 %) cases — immediate antitumor therapy, 33 (8.2 %) patients received deferred treatment within the framework of active observation (10 (2.5 %)) or expectant tactics (23 (5.7 %)). The deferred treatment group was incomparable with the immediate radical and drug treatment groups in sample size and had a smaller proportion of patients in the intermediate unfavorable, high and very high risk groups (p < 0.05 for all). For other characteristics, the treatment groups were balanced. The median follow-up for all patients was 54.1 (1.1–275.7) months. In the entire study population, 4-year overall survival (OS) was 95.0 %, specific survival (SS) was 99.4 %, and cardiospecific survival (CSS) was 95.3 %; relapse-free survival (RFS) of radically treated patients was 74.4 %, progression-free survival (PFS) with first-line systemic therapy was 78.3 %, and PFS in patients who did not receive immediate treatment was 46.6 %. No effect of treatment approach was found on OS and CSS in the entire patient population, including those adjusted for risk group (p > 0.05 for all). A decrease in 4-year DFS was noted in the deferred treatment group compared with the radical treatment group (83.1 % vs. 95.2 %, p = 0.036) due to the subgroup with the Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 8 (72.5 % vs. 94.8 %, p = 0.060). RFS in operated patients was lower than in irradiated patients (p = 0.032), which did not affect the DFS and OS indicators (p > 0.05 for all). In the watchful waiting subgroup, DFS was lower than in patients under active surveillance (p = 0.015), but DFS and OS in these cohorts were similar. Conclusion: in elderly patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer, immediate radical and drug treatment does not lead to an increase in SV and OS compared with delayed treatment.

Malignant tumors affecting perineum skin are rare. The most common neoplasms of this area are squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and extramammary Paget’s disease. The most effective treatment for patients with nonmetastatic types of these malignant tumors is surgery. Despite relative technical simplicity of radical resection of the affected skin, the difficulties of defects reconstruction often limits the possibilities of surgical treatment. One of the techniques for replacement of medium-sized and large defects after surgical treatment of anogenital skin tumors is the use of regional fasciocutaneous lotus petal flap. The article presents descriptions of clinical cases of this technique using in 4 patients including 3 women with vulvar cancer and a man with extramammary Paget’s disease.

Study aim: The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the mutational profile of muscle-invasive urothelial car­cinoma (MIUC) using next generation sequencing (NGS). A secondary aim was to identify mutations that provide potential targets for anticancer therapy, while an exploratory aim was to identify the associations between the mutational profile and the course of the disease. Materials: The study used tumor tissue and medical data from 50 patients with MIUC of the bladder (48 (96.0 %)) or renal pelvis (2 (4.0 %)). DNA and RNA alterations were studied in cells isolated from tumors with histologically confirmed invasive UC using NGS with a panel of 523 genes. Results: The median age was 72 (51-87) years; the study sample included 43 men (86.0 %). MIUC was confirmed in all patients, either de novo (T2-T4a in 32 (64.0 %) patients, including 2 (4.0 %) patients with renal pelvis cancer) or as a result of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Tis-Tl in 18 (36.0 %) patients). Regional metastases were diagnosed in 8 (16.0 %) subjects, and distant metastases in 5 (10.0 %) patients. High grade UC was confirmed for 44 (88.0 %) samples (including concomitant carcinoma in situ in 4 (8.0 %) cases). The median tumor mutational burden (TMB) was 10.9 (0.0-49.6) muts / Mb (high TMB (> 10 muts / Mb) in 30 (60.0 %) out of 50 cases). The level of microsatellite instability was low in all samples; 244 therapeutically significant and oncogenic mutations in 84 genes were detected in 50 samples (median: 5 (1-11) mutations per sample). Level 1-2 pathogenic mutations were detected in 13 genes of 29 (58.0 %) samples (in > 1 gene in 13 cases (26.0 %)), with a frequency of>10% in the FGFR3 (9 (18.0 %)), TSC1 (9 (18.0 %)), PIK3CA (7 (14.0 %)), ERBB2 (6 (12.0 %)) genes. Level 3-4 mutations were identified in 12 genes of 33 (66.0 %) samples (in > 1 gene in 15 (10.0 %) cases), with a frequency of>10% in the KDM6A (19 (38.0 %)), ARID1A (12 (24.0%)) and MDM2 (7 (14.0%)) genes. Oncogenic mutations were detected in 63 genes of 46 (92.0%) samples (in > 1 gene in 37 (74.0 %) cases), with a frequency of >10% in the TP53 (25 (50.0 %)), FGF4 (5 (10.0 %)), RBI (6 (12.0 %)), CDKN1A, STAG2, FGF3, CCND1 genes (5 (10.0 %) samples with mutations for each). Invasive de novo UC is associated with a higher incidence of high TMB compared with recurrent UC (71.9 % vs. 38.9 %,p = 0.024) and a higher frequency of mutations in the PI3K signaling pathway genes (46.8 % vs. 16.7 %,p = 0.031). Conclusion: MIUC is characterized by high TMB and low frequency of microsatellite instability. The most common mutations providing potential therapeutic targets are alterations of the FGFR3, TSC1, PIK3CA, and ERBB2 genes. De novo MIUC is associated with a higher frequency of high TMB and an increased frequency of mutations in the PI3K signaling pathway genes compared with invasive recurrence of non-muscle-invasive UC.

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of first-line systemic therapy administered in real clinical practice to patients >75 years old with prostate cancer (PCa).Material: the retrospective study included data from 315 patients >75 years old (median age — 84 (75-99) years) with hormone-sensitive PCa (HSPCa) who received antitumor therapy. Non-metastatic HSPCa (nmHSPCa) was observed in 223 (70,8%) patients, while metastatic HSPCa (mHSPCa) — in 92 (29,2%) patients. In 8 (3,6%) cases of nmHSPCa, bicalutamide monotherapy was prescribed, while androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered in 215 (96,4%) cases (intermittently — 164 (73,5%)). All 92 patients with mHSPC received ADT, including in combinations corresponding to current clinical recommendations — in 38 (41,3 %) cases (with docetaxel — 17 (18,4 %), abiraterone acetate — 7 (7,6 %), enzalutamide — 10 (10,9 %), apalutamide — 1 (1,1 %)). The median follow-up time for patients with nmHSPC was 64,2 (2,1-275,7) months, for patients with mHSPC — 48,6 (1,0-234,3) months.Results: the median duration of the 1st line of therapy for nmHSPC was 40,6 (1,0-243,8) months. In nmHPRPC, PSA reduction by>90% during the first line of therapy was seen in 67,3 % of patients. Five-year survival of patients with nmHPRPC without PSA progression (PFPS) reached 70,8%, progression-free survival (PFS) — 70,8%, metastasis-free survival (MFS) — 85,0%, specific survival (SS) — 97,3% and overall (OS) — 91,5%. Continuous ADT in lowand intermediate-risk nmHPRPC reduced PFS compared to intermittent therapy (p = 0.014), but did not affect MFS, SS and OS. The median duration of the first line of therapy for mHPRPC was 14,3 (1,1-137,7) months. In mHSPC, the frequency of PSA decrease by>90% during the first line of therapy was 38,0%. In patients with mHSPC, the 4-year PFSSA was 50,1%, DFS — 50,1%, DFS — 83,5% and OS — 77,2%. In mHSPC, ADT compared with combination therapy reduced DFS (p = 0.018), DFS (p = 0.053) and OS (odds ratio 3.675 (95% confidence intervals: 1.001-13.489); p = 0.008). No significant effect of the combination drug on the survival of patients with mHSPC was found.Conclusions: in elderly patients with nmHSPC, intermittent ADT is not inferior to continuous ADT in terms of OS. In patients > 75 years old, combination therapy based on ADT with docetaxel or androgen signal inhibitors provides an increased OS compared to ADT alone.

Positive surgical margin is observed in approximately 10% of specimens after radical surgery for locally advanced urothelial carcinoma, and is associated with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence, metastases, and death. R+ patients are a heterogeneous group of patients requiring individual treatment approaches. There is no standard of care for R+ patients; acceptable options include observation, removal of residual tumor, postoperative chemotherapy (CT), immunotherapy (IT), radiation therapy (RT), and chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The choice of treatment plan depends on the location and characteristics of the primary tumor, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) before surgery and the response to it, the pathological response, the presence of detectable residual tumor, as well as the potential tolerability of immediate postoperative treatment.

Aim. To evaluate the results of radical surgical treatment and radiotherapy in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer at age >= 75 years. Materials and methods. The retrospective study included data from 151 patients >= 75 years with verified non-metastatic prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Median age was 81.0 (75.0-97.0) years. Median Charlson comorbidity index was 7 (4-12). Median baseline prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 11.0 (1.8-172.0) ng/mL. Prostatic adenocarcinoma was verified (ISUP grade 4-5 - 30 (19.9 %)) in all patients. & scy;& Tcy; category was & scy;& Tcy;3-4 in 37 (24.5 %), cN1 category was diagnosed in 10 (6.6 %) patients. The groups of unfavorable intermediate, high and very high risk included 93 (61.6 %) patients. Radical treatmentwas performed in all cases: RP in 38 (25.2 %), EBRT in 113 (74.8 %) patients (109 (72.2 %) men completed EBRT). Adjuvant treatment was administered in 8 (21.1 %) patients who underwent surgery. In the EBRT group neoadjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered in 74 (65.5 %), adjuvant ADT in 79 (70.0 %) cases. Treatment groups were matched by the main characteristics (& rcy; >0.05 for all) excluding lower baseline PSA in the RP group (& rcy; = 0.013). Median follow-up was 46.2 (1.5-234.2) months for all patients. Results. RP complications were registered in 3 (7.8 %), EBRT complications - in 7 (6.2 %) patients. No serious or lethal adverse event was observed. Recurrences were diagnosed in 9 (23.7 %) patients after surgery and in 26 (23.9 %) of 109 patients who completed EBRT. In the total study population, 4-year recurrence-free, cancer-specific, overall, and cardiac-specific survival rates were 74.5; 96.3; 91.2 and 90.8 %, respectively. The only factor significantly decreasing overall survival was Charlson comorbidity index >= 8 (& rcy; = 0.05). Significant decrease of recurrence-free survival was observed in the surgery group compared to the EBRT group (& rcy; = 0.032). It did not translate into decreased cancer- specific and overall survival (& rcy; >0.05 for all). There was no significant difference in cardiac-specific survival between the groups (& rcy; = 0.626). Significant unfavorable prognostic factors of recurrence-free survival in the EBRT group included & scy;N1 category (& rcy; = 0.045), very high risk (& rcy; = 0.049), and EBRT dose. Conclusion. RP and EBRT in elderly patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer receiving treatment in real clinical practice have acceptable safety profile and provide effectiveness comparable to the historical data on patients not sampled by age. The optimal candidates for radical treatment are men with Charlson comorbidity index <8.

Immunofluorescent method by flow cytometry was used to quantify the expression of the tumor-associated protein βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) in the tissue of urothelial bladder cancer and visually normal mucosa (56 samples in total). The expression of the marker was detected in 100% of cases, and heterogeneity of the TUBB3 expression level both in tumor tissue and in "normal" mucosa was revealed. The level of TUBB3 in the "normal" mucosa did not depend on the distance from the tumor (1 cm or more than 3 cm) and, on average, it was lower than in the tumor tissue (21.8 ± 10.8% and 24.9 ± 13.2% vs 35.2 ± 12.4%; p = 0.04 and 0.005, respectively). An increase of the TUBB3 expression in the tumor and in the "normal" mucosa was revealed in muscle invasive bladder cancer compared to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Therefore, in urothelial bladder cancer, the tumor-associated protein TUBB3 is a molecular marker of bladder mucosa involvement in the malignancy process and predicts the risk of tumor muscle invasion, which may influence indications for early cystectomy.

Cabazitaxel, an antineoplastic agent from the third generation taxan group, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) refractory to docetaxel. This article is devoted to a critical analysis of studies on the use of cabazitaxel in this category of patients and key aspects of management of treatment-related toxicity. The authors also reviewed possible scenarios for the use of cabazitaxel in the sequential therapy of mCRPC, including androgen receptor signalling inhibitors and systemic radiotherapy.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors blocking the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown a prominent anti-tumor activity with long-term responses and an acceptable toxicity profile  in clinical trials. Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents that redefine the standard of care for advanced urothelial carcinoma. CTLA-4 inhibitors are also under investigation in this setting. Phase III trial KEYNOTE-045 has demonstrated significant survival benefit in patients treated with pembrolizumab comparing with the standard second-line chemotherapy. Atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab were also recommended for platinum-pretreated urothelial carcinoma patients based on phase II data. Following investigations of biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression are needed to determine high-responders to immunotherapy. This review article describes the advances in immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors blocking the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have shown a prominent anti-tumor activity with long-term responses and an acceptable toxicity profile in clinical trials. Pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab are anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents that redefine the standard of care for advanced urothelial carcinoma. CTLA-4 inhibitors are also under investigation in this setting. Phase III trial KEYNOTE-045 has demonstrated significant survival benefit in patients treated with pembrolizumab comparing with the standard second-line chemotherapy. Atezolizumab, nivolumab, avelumab, and durvalumab were also recommended for platinum-pretreated urothelial carcinoma patients based on phase II data. Following investigations of biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression are needed to determine high-responders to immunotherapy. This review article describes the advances in immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.

Objective: to estimate overall survival (OS) rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), who have received currently available drugs and to identify the predictors of OS.Subjects and methods. The case histories of 112 patients with mCRPC treated at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center in 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients had received standard regimens based on docetaxel, cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate in combination with prednisolone.Results. Whatever the treatment option was, three-year OS rate was 32.0 ± 5.44 %; median survival was 24.3 months. The following poor prognostic factors for OS were pain syndrome; an ECOG performance status score of 2; the levels of prostate-specific antigen ≥ 288 ng/ml, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 450 U/l, alkaline phosphatase ≥ 250 U/l, calcium < 2.28 mmol/l, and hemoglobin < 11.5 g/dl; as well as < 24 months’ duration of a response to hormonal therapy.Conclusion. The use of standard drug treatment regimen for mCRPC may increase survival in this category of patients to achieve 3-years OV; and the identified factors of OV may aid in choosing treatment policy.

The paper deals with the differential diagnosis of kidney tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Preoperative diagnosis cannot always be made correctly, by applying even the most novel diagnostic methods. Nevertheless, the choice of treatment policy must be optimal.

In a recent randomized, double-blind, phase III clinical trials among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progressing on androgen-deprivation therapy or after docetaxel chemotherapy, abiraterone acetate was shown to significantly prolong radiographic progression free survival and overall survival compared with prednisone alone, even in symptomatic patients and patients having visceral metastases and high level of prostate specific antigen at baseline. Here we present our own experience with abiraterone acetate in patients who represent negative prognostic factors of castration-resistant prostate cancer outside of clinical trials. 25 metastatic CRPC patients were treated with abiraterone acetate from 2012 to 2014.

The paper describes 2 clinical cases of successful treatment for renal cell carcinoma, which confirm its use expediency if there are certain indications.

Nowadays, the issue of life quality improvement is an actual topic in patients with oncological pathology treatment. It was established that it is reasonable to discuss the issues of patients ’ rehabilitation after radical surgeries on small pelvis organs, which are often accompanied with changes in life-style and sexual function.

Second-line hormonal therapy, chemo- and glucocorticosteroid therapy, treatment with aminog-lutetimides, ketoconazole, suramin, target agents, and vaccines may be singled out among the basic treatments for hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). There is a search for a new ef-fective therapy for HRPC, which is associated with the development of new regimens based on docetaxel in combination with target therapy and new classes of antitumor drugs, which shows promise of improving the results of treatment for this disease.

The earlier diagnosis of cancers, the improvement of a surgical technique, and advances in chemo-and hormonal therapy have increased survival rates. In this connection, some studies of quality of life have been recently under way after radical cyst-and prostatectomy. These mainly concern modifications of lifestyle, restoration of spontaneous urination and erectile function in males.