More than 30 minutes before the earthquake event in Florina, Greece at 21:43:47(UTC) on 9th January 2022 an enhanced Eötvös torsion balance registered unidentified signals in the Jánossy Underground Research Laboratory in Budapest, Hungary. These signals were not visible on the seismograms, although seismic noises are continuously recorded by a side-by-side broadband seismometer. Moreover, seismological stations did not detect anything unusual, they presented a negative confirmation of the events. Our observation suggests that torsion balances might effectively detect precursory earthquake signals from a considerable distance. Such a finding could trigger the development of new observational devices and networks and can provide novel knowledge about the origin and mechanism of earthquake phenomena.

A new quasi-geoid model for Hungary was determined by combining gravity data, GPS/levelling and vertical deflections. Reduction of the measurements was performed by using Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) elevation data sets. Calculation method was Least Squares Collocation (LSC) with self-consistent planar logarithmic covariance model. In the computations the weights of GPS/levelling data were large, in this way normal heights obtained from levelling are consistent with GPS heights and with the quasi-geoid model. Astrogeodetic-gravimetric, pure astrogeodetic and pure gravimetric solutions have been calculated besides the combined solution to investigate the discrepancies among the different models. The combined quasi-geoid model fits to the GPS/levelling data with standard deviation of ±4.9 cm, nevertheless at some GPS/levelling sites large differences were indicated.

A new quasigeoid solution HGTUB2007 was computed for Hungary using least-squares collocation technique for the first time by combining different gravity datasets. More than 300 000 point gravity data were interpolated onto a 1.5′× 1′ geographical grid consisting of 26, 478 values in the IGSN71 gravity system. The selected subset of these gravimetric data were combined with 138 astrogeodetic deflections and gravity gradients available at more than 25, 000 points in the least-squares collocation procedure. Topographic information was provided by SRTM3 data at 3′′× 3′′ resolution. We have used the GPM98CR model and a GRACE GGM02-based combined model as a global geopotential reference to our new solution. Several solutions were produced and compared by combining different datasets. The final solution was chosen to fit to the national GPS/leveling network of Hungary with a very high weighting. As a quick evaluation of the solution with GPS/Leveling data shows, the obtained accuracy is about 2–4 cm in terms of standard deviation of geoid height residuals

Almost 100,000 surface gravity gradient measurements exist in Hungary over an area of about 45 000 km(2). These measurements are a very useful source to study the short wavelength features of the local gravity field, especially below 30 kin wavelength. Our aim is to use these existing gravity gradient data in gravity field modeling together with gravity anomalies. Therefore we predicted gravity anomalies from horizontal gravity gradients using the method of least-squares collocation. The cross-covariance function of gravity gradients and gravity anomalies was estimated over the area and a suitable covariance model was estimated for the prediction. The full covariance matrix would require about 15 GB storage, however, the storage requirement can be reduced to about 300 MB by inspecting the structure of the cross-covariance function. Using sparse linear solvers the computation proved to be manageable, and the prediction of gravity anomalies for the whole area was performed. The results were evaluated at those sites where Delta g values were known from measurements in the computational area.

In the space gradiometry the determination of the effect of topographic masses is crucial for the validation and downward continuation of the gravitational signal. This paper focuses on the determination of the effect of topographic masses on the second derivatives of the potential.During the investigation two methods are compared to each other. The first method is the direct numeric integration using planar approximation and mass prism topographic model, while the second one is the application of tesseroids. Both of the techniques are investigated over Europe. The application of the tesseroids seem to have many advantages over the first method.The effect of the topography is computed using the tesseroids for the whole globe, too. In order to do this, the ETOPO5 digital elevation model has been used.The results show that the effect of topography is significant on the altitude of the LEOs, reaching the level of 10 Eotvos in all gravity gradients.

CHAMP and GRACE global geopotential models EIGEN-3p, EIGEN-GRACE01S, GGM01S and GGM01C are compared with terrestrial gravity field data in Hungary. The methods used for comparison were direct comparison with gravity anomalies and the reference geoid solution method. We used free-air gravity anomalies interpolated on a 1′ × 1.5′ grid covering Hungary. In the second method these geopotential models were used to compute gravimetric geoid solutions and the results were compared with GPS/leveling data from EUVN campaign and the Hungarian GPS network.

The forthcoming GOCE mission will produce gravity gradient data at satellite altitude and consequently contribute to the more accurate determination of the gravity field. There are different data processing strategies in order to obtain updated gravity field information from these measurements, but most of them are based on the spherical harmonic expansion of the gravity field. An alternative approach would be the direct use of the GOCE data in the space domain. In this case we need formulas for transferring gravity gradients and other gravity field information in spherical approximation between different height levels. The well known upward/downward continuation problem of second vertical gravity gradients has been already solved. In this paper we discuss formulas for the other gravity gradients. The proposed approach is to use these gravity gradients in two combinations. The corresponding formulas are discussed and some conclusions on their practical use are drawn.

The role of gravity gradients is investigated in the framework of geodetic-geodynamic boundary value problems. The time variation of the Eötvös tensor can be separated into three parts. The first part is a surface movement term, the second is the time variation of the gravity field in the original point, and the third is a coupling term. The first and third terms can be computed by a third order derivative tensor of the gravity potential. These terms can be formulated in spherical and planar approximation.

The vertical gravity gradients play an important role in the reduction of absolute gravity measurements and in the geoid determination, too. In order to enhance the precision of the gravity reductions and the geoid computations, the difference between the vertical gravity gradient of the real and the normal gravity fields should be taken into account.

Two test areas with different characteristics of the terrain were selected in Hungary to model the gravity field. We have used point gravity gradients, their terrain effects and geopotential information to model geoid heights by numerical integration using kernel functions for specific gradient and curvature combinations which arise from the solution of the corresponding overdetermined geodetic boundary value problem. The truncation characteristics of these kernel functions were also taken into account. We have compared our results with the collocation solution as well.

Last year new gravimetric datasets became available for geoid determination in Hun− gary based on more than 300 000 point gravity data compiled with and without topographic ef− fects. Some new DTMs were also created, since high−resolution global and local elevation data became available for public use in the last months. These datasets include the Austrian DTM, and a global one called GLOBE. The topographic effects were calculated using surface density models, one determined by the Lóránd Eötvös Geophysical In− stitute (ELGI) and one derived according to the Nettleton Method. These input data facilitated a new geoid computation on a 1.5’ x 1’ grid in and respectively. We have used two global geopotential models for our calculations based on the 1D FFT spectral technique. These models were the EGM96 and the ultra−high resolution GPM98CR models. Also we have tried different approaches to the solution, one of these was based on the method recommended by R. Hipkin. The new geoid solution was compared at 308 GPS/levelling points, 95 of which having recently determined normal heights. The accuracy of the undulation reached the level of 3.5 cm in terms of standard deviation after removing a linear trend and bias from the differences. Our solution was also evaluated at 7 sites of the European Vertical Reference Network (EUVN97). Since the reliability of the gravity data outside Hungary seems critical to improve our geoid solu− tion, therefore the application of European Gra− vimetric Geoid 1997 to validate these data should be investigated. Also some technique should be found to reduce the long−wavelength distortions of the geoid heights.

Mikecz, P.1; Toth, Gy.2; Dodd, M.1; Chaloner, F.1; Evans, N.1; Sharp, P. F.1 Author Information

Excitation functions were measured for the formation of 111In in proton induced nuclear reactions on isotopically enriched 111Cd and 112Cd in the energy range up to 30 MeV. Absolute cross section values as well as differential and integral yields were deduced and compared with the earlier published data and with the experimental yield values obtained under production conditions. Routine production and chemical separation of 111In are described.

Coexistence of frailty and chronic diseases including diabetes is related to a higher risk of adverse health outcomes. There is an increasing interest in the intersection of diabetes and frailty. Understanding the prevalence of frailty in older adults with diabetes is of great importance. However, estimates of the prevalence of frailty among this population varied widely in the relevant literature.To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults with diabetes, and examine the risk factors associated with frailty in this population.PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wiley Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health were searched from inception to May 30th, 2020. Investigators assessed eligibility, extracted data and evaluated methodological quality. The pooled prevalence of frailty and prefrailty was calculated using the random-effects model. Meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity.A total of 32 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 14,450 individuals. The pooled prevalence of frailty and prefrailty in older adults with diabetes was 20.1% (95% CI = 16.0–24.2%) and 49.1% (95%CI = 45.1–53.1%), respectively, with significant heterogeneity across the studies. Frailty was more prevalent in older adults with diabetes than those without diabetes (OR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.47–1.77, p < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of frailty was lower in studies using Frailty Phenotype to define frailty (16.3%) and conducted in Asia (14.3%). Female gender and unmarried status were risk factors of frailty among this population.Frailty and prefrailty are common in community-dwelling older adults with diabetes. Early screening of frailty and interventions should be integrated into diabetes care for older adults to prevent and reduce the negative effects of frailty at the community level. Better quality longitudinal research is required to examine the temporal relationship between diabetes and frailty.

Polarities of the carotenoids in human serum are very different; many nonpolar carotenoid hydrocarbons (e.g. β-carotene, lycopene) and highly polar hydroxycarotenoids (e. g. β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein) can be found among them.

The common natural isomer of the allenic carotenoid fucoxanthin has the 3S,5R,6S,3′S,5′R,6′R configuration.

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 7, Issue 16 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE CAROTENOID VIOLEOXANTHIN G. P. MOSS, Search for more papers by this authorJ. SZABOLCS, Search for more papers by this authorGY. TOTH, Search for more papers by this authorB. C. L. WEEDON, Search for more papers by this author G. P. MOSS, Search for more papers by this authorJ. SZABOLCS, Search for more papers by this authorGY. TOTH, Search for more papers by this authorB. C. L. WEEDON, Search for more papers by this author First published: April 20, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197616042Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume7, Issue16April 20, 1976 RelatedInformation

AbstractDrei Isomere des Fucoxanthins (I) werden isoliert und identifiziert.