Different Earth orientation parameter (EOP) time series are publicly available that typically arise from the combination of individual space geodetic technique solutions. The applied processing strategies and choices lead to systematically differing signal and noise characteristics particularly at the shortest periods between 2 and 8 days. We investigate the consequences of typical choices by introducing new experimental EOP solutions obtained from combinations at either normal equation level processed by Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut at the Technical University of Munich (DGFI‐TUM) and Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG), or observation level processed by European Space Agency (ESA). All those experiments contribute to an effort initiated by ESA to develop an independent capacity for routine EOP processing and prediction in Europe. Results are benchmarked against geophysical model‐based effective angular momentum functions processed by Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (ESMGFZ). We find, that a multitechnique combination at normal equation level that explicitly aligns a priori station coordinates to the ITRF2014 frequently outperforms the current International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) standard solution 14C04. A multi‐Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)‐only solution already provides very competitive accuracies for the equatorial components. Quite similar results are also obtained from a short combination at observation level experiment using multi‐GNSS solutions and SLR from Sentinel‐3A and Sentinel‐3B to realize space links. For ΔUT1, however, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) information is known to be critically important so that experiments combining only GNSS and possibly SLR at observation level perform worse than combinations of all techniques at normal equation level. The low noise floor and smooth spectra obtained from the multi‐GNSS solution nevertheless illustrates the potential of this most rigorous combination approach so that further efforts to include in particular VLBI are strongly recommended.

The results of laboratory and field tests to investigate chemical treatments that might protect a denuded soil surface until a vegetative cover becomes effective are reported. Pure and ‘wet’ water and several soil-binding chemicals were tested. The chemical soil binders used in plot tests did not reduce surface runoff and debris production. The thin crust of soil formed by the chemical binder increased runoff rates and debris production. A ‘wet’ water treatment resulted in added infiltration and less runoff but in higher debris-carrying capacity per unit volume of runoff.