Background. Hospital laboratories currently lack the capacity to provide emergency determination of cholinesterase activity. Methods. We have developed a hospital-based 3-tiered system to test plasma for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and whole blood for red cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity using available technology and personnel. Interagency communications, toxidrome definition, and patient triage will be coordinated by the Connecticut Department of Public Health and the Poison Control Center. Data. Initial BChE data documents good precision between institutions (coefficient of variation < 8%). Summary. Laboratory testing of plasma or blood for cholinesterase activity is important in the management of nerve agent exposure and in ruling out disease in those with non-specific symptoms in the setting of a terrorist attack or accidental exposure. Rapid availability of strong hospital-based analytic support in a smoothly functioning network of clinical, public health, and laboratory services will facilitate overall regional response to chemical terrorism or large scale HazMat events.

The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of albumin infusion on blood volume and renal function in preterm infants with RDS and low total serum protein values. Ten infants (gestational age 28 to 36 weeks, body weight 0.88 to 2.46 kg) were given albumin 1 gm/kg (as 25% iv solution) over a ten-minute period. Within ten minutes after infusion was completed, total serum protein concentration, colloid osmotic pressure, and blood volume rose significantly while hematocrit fell from their preinfusion levels (P < 0.0005). Mean arterial blood pressure showed a smaller and less clear-cut increase (P < 0.05). Creatinine clearance rose significantly with infusion; even though preinfusion clearances correlated poorly with gestational age (r = 0.43), postinfusion clearances correlated well (r = 0.92). No significant rises in urinary flow rate Uosm/Posm, or free-water clearance were observed. These results indicate that albumin infusion acutely increases both blood volume and glomerular filtration in premature infants with RDS.

We have devloped an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining choriomammotropin (human placental lactogen) in serum. Unlabeled hormone competes with choriomammotropin-beta-galactosidase conjugate for antibody bound to polystyrene tubes. The entire assay can be performed in 2.5 h with good precision. The coefficient of variation for one sample with a mean concentration of 5.6 mg/L, assayed 10 times on the same day, was 5.7%. The coefficient of variation for nine samples (3.5 to 9.0 mg/L) assayed on five different days was 7.9%. Forty-eight clinical samples were assayed (y) and compared with results obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x). The resulting regression equation was: y = 1.05x + 0.78; r = 0.91.

We have developed an automated nonequilibrium procedure for the radioimmunoassay of nicotine. The use of a unique iodinated nicotine derivative in this procedure gave a sensitivity of 10 micrograms/l for nicotine with a between-run precision of 7.4% and within-run precision of 6.0%. Nicotine levels of 60 to 67 micrograms/ml were found in subjects 15 min after smoking one standard cigarette. The technique herein reported is a very rapid, and sensitive radioimmunoassay for nicotine and facilitates the determination of nicotine in smoking subjects during the actual process of smoking.

We have evaluated the performance of enzyme-multipled immunoassay methods for the five major antiepileptic drugs on an automated system, the Perkin-Elmer Model KA-150 Kinetic Analyzer. The precision in the normal duplicate mode was found to be in the range of 6% to 10% for all five tests over a typical working day. All EMIT methods were compared to gas-liquid chromatographic procedures and, in addition, the phenytoin and phenobarbital assays were compared to a liquid-chromatographic method. The phenytoin assay was also compared to RIA and to a manual spectroscopic method. In general, most of the comparison studies resulted in acceptable correlation, although one gas chromatographic method did not correlate very well with the phenytoin and phenobarbital immunoassays.

A gas chromatographic method for the routine determination of phenobarbital, primidone and diphenylhydantoin using alkaline extraction and on-column methylation has been developed. The procedure has been optimized for recovery of all three anticonvulsant drugs with particular attention to primidone. Correlation with photometric methods for phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin show the technique offers significant advantages in both accuracy and precision over other methods.

A direct enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), based on the "sandwich" principle on an antigen-coated plastic disc, was used for the rapid detection of rubella antibody. Results were obtained the same day, and the prior adsorption of sera to remove non-specific inhibitors was not necessary. The ELISA was compared to the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test on 500 serum samples. There was general agreement between the two methods; most discrepancies occurred with low-titered HAI positive sera. There was excellent correlation between the tests with serum samples negative for rubella antibodies and those samples with HAI titers greater than or equal to 1:40.

A turbidimetric rate method for the determination of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM has been adapted to an automatic kinetic rate analyzer. The procedure can be run on mildly lipemic sera without correction for sample light scatter. We report correlations with results by an immunodiffusion method and a manual laser nephelometric technique. The automated rate procedure described provides a rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive way to measure immunoglobulins.

This study was done to determine effect of salt-poor albumin on blood volume (BV) and renal function in ten premature infants (GA 28-36 weeks, body weight 1.43 ± 0.15 SE kg) with total serum protein (TSP) < 4.5 g/dl. They were given 1 g/kg albumin as 25% salt-poor solution iv in 5-10 min. Urine was obtained in a bag applied to the infant; the bladder was creded after each voiding and when collection periods ended. Initial BV was measured using Evan's blue; changes over a 40-min period were estimated from changes in hematocrit (Hct). Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was continuously monitored through an umbilical arterial catheter. Serum and urine osmolarities and creatinines, TSP, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), BV, and MABP were measured and creatinine clearance (CCr) calculated before and after albumin infusion. An increase in BV from 88 ± 5 to 100 ± 8 ml/kg (P<.0005) was first observed 10 min after infusion and then remained unchanged during the study; this was paralleled by increases in TSP from 4.4 ± 0.1 to 4.8 ± 0.1 g/dl (P<.0005) and COP from 20 ± 1 to 25 ± 1 cm H2O (P<.0005). However, MABP was not significantly changed. There was an increase in CCr from .42 ± .09 to .89 ± .17 ml/min (P< .0005), but CH2O and Uosm/Posm did not significantly change. Apparently, observed changes in MABP, BV, and Hct had a greater influence in increasing GFR than increases in COP had in decreasing it. In conclusion, albumin infusion may help improve GFR in hypoproteinemic premature infants.

We describe a procedure for enzyme immunoassay of theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) in which all phases of the assay are totally automated in a Kinetic Analyzer (KA-150). This system permits assay of 75 10-mul samples per hour, with results available at 30-s intervals after initial sample preparation and preincubation. We compared results for 138 clinical samples by an ultraviolet method (x) and the present method (y). The slope of the comparison curve was 0.902, the y-intercept 0.402, and the correlation coefficient 0.984. The coefficient of variation for samples run in duplicate on the same day was 4.9%; it was 8.1% for samples run on different days. Specificity, sensitivity, simplicity, speed, and small reagent requirement all make this an attractive alternative to chromatographic procedures.

Due to its high sensitivity, radioimmunoassay has become of great importance in the detection and measurement of levels of proteins and steroids in body fluids. However, this method involves the use of expensive equipment and radioactive material. Herein is described an alternate method to radioimmunoassay, which uses an enzyme-labeled rather than a radioactively-labeled antibody. An enzyme immunoassay procedure, the Cordia HAA-enzyme Immunoassay, for the detection of hepatitis-associated antigen has been evaluated. With this technique a sandwich type immunoassay with an alkaline phosphatase tagged second antibody is used. The presence of antigen is detected by the p-nitrophenyl phosphotase activity of the bound enzyme. In 1083 clinical samples from patients of Jackson Memorial Hospital, only 19 discrepant results were found when tested by both the Cordia and the Ausria II methods. Eight had sufficient sera for retesting, yielding two positive Cordia, negative Austia; one negative Cordia, positive Ausria; one borderline positive; and four unconfirmed false positives by Cordia.

We adopted an automated turbidimetric rate method for determining amylase activity to the KA-150 Kinetic Analyzer. In the method, an insoluble amylopectin substrate is used with activity determined by the rate of decrease in turbidity. Run-to-run CV for 59 samples with activities up to 400 units (arbitrary amylase units per 100 ml of sample) was 2.8%. A comparison with a similar method, performed by nephelometry, for 104 sera, showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.992, with a slope of 1.02. In an additional comparison with an amyloclastic method, for 52 sera r was 0.997, with a slope of 1.01. Day-to-day precision for control sera with activities near the upper limit of normal (279 and 216 units) averaged 2.5% during two months. Measured and calculated activity were linearly related to well above the upper limit of normal (normal range, 60-200 arbitrary units), showing a deviation from linearity of about 10% at 450 units. Commercial reagents available for the Perkin-Elmer Model 91 Amylase Lipase Analyzer can be used with the KA-150.

Only recently has radioimmunoassay been used for the detection of drugs of abuse in body fluids. While conventional assay methods are time-consuming, relatively insensitive, and require a larger sample volume, the radioimmunoassay method is rapid, sensitive, specific, and can be performed with a minimum of sample. Performance of individual assays is identical, and requires about 1 hour to complete. Herein are reviewed the radioimmunoassays which have been developed for measurement of drugs of abuse in humans. These new techniques are of importance in screening and in further research into the effect of these drugs on the functions of the human body.

Serum from pygmy goats was analyzed to determine normal base lines for electrolytes. Animals of both sexes were used. Influence of age on these variables was also investigated. The electrolyte values were as follows: sodium, 147 +/- 6.0 mEq/L; potassium, 5.6 +/- 1.0 mEq/L; chloride, 106.0 +/- 4.2 mEq/L; calcium, 4.9 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; magnesium, 2.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L; and inorganic phosphorus, 4.8 +/- 0.9 mEq/L. Most of the serum electrolyte values for pygmy goats were similar to reports for other ruminant species and human beings.

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 7, Issue 42 Preparative Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: THE DIENOPHILIC REACTIVITY OF 7-SUBSTITUTED NORBORNADIENES. KINETIC ACTIVATION OF ENDO,SYN-CYCLOADDITION BY OXYGEN SUBSTITUENTS M. A. BATTISTE, M. A. BATTISTESearch for more papers by this authorJ. F. TIMBERLAKE, J. F. TIMBERLAKESearch for more papers by this authorH. MALKUS, H. MALKUSSearch for more papers by this author M. A. BATTISTE, M. A. BATTISTESearch for more papers by this authorJ. F. TIMBERLAKE, J. F. TIMBERLAKESearch for more papers by this authorH. MALKUS, H. MALKUSSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 19, 1976 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197642095Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References M. A. BATTISTE, J. F. TIMBERLAKE, H. MALKUS, THE DIENOPHILIC REACTIVITY OF 7-SUBSTITUTED NORBORNADIENES. KINETIC ACTIVATION OF ENDO,SYN-CYCLOADDITION BY OXYGEN SUBSTITUENTS, Tetrahedron Lett., 1976, 17, 2529. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)78138-X; 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)78138-X Google Scholar Volume7, Issue42October 19, 1976 ReferencesRelatedInformation

We describe a totally automated procedure for radioimmunoassay of choriomammotropin, in which all phases of the assay are automated in a single system ("Centria"). This system permits the simultaneous incubation and separation of many samples in a nonequilibrium assay, and measurements are obtained in less than 30 min. Results for clinical samples by reference radioimmunossay methodology and with the Centria system compared uniformly well: y=0.91x - 0.87;r=0.94. The coefficient of variation for samples run in duplicate on the same day was 5.2%, 7.4% for samples run on different days. The specificity, sensitivity, simplicity, and speed of this system makes it a useful new tool for kinetic, nonequilibrium immunoassay.