Two Mediterranean Auchenorrhyncha species, the planthopper Latilica maculipes (Melichar, 1906) and the leafhopper Synophropsis lauri (Horváth, 1897) are reported for the first time from Hungary. With 2 figures

Deraeocoris fl avilinea (A.Costa, 1862) is recorded for the fi rst time in Hungary.

About 2500 arthropod species immigrate, or carried by wind, or introduced by man in the orchards, under Hungarian climatic conditions. However, the number of the apple pest species is approximately 30. Owing to the effect of the relationships among the plant-phytophagous-zoophagous species those could colonize the orchard for which the apple provides suitable food sources and whose populations are not regulated or are regulated by a weak efficiency by parasitoids and predators. These populations create the primary pest communities. When the individual number of the parasitoid and predator species is reduced by the broad-spectrum insecticides, the population density of those phytophagous species could increase whose populations was restricted up to that time. In this case the secondary pest communities could develop. The integrated pest management provides the possibilities to solve the problems caused by the regular use of broad-spectrum insecticides. The real requirement is to find and to harmonize those methods which regulate the population dynamics of the species of the primary pest communities.

Authors give report on the results of collection carried out between 1999 and 2002 on various trees and shrubs in Budapest and its surroundings, in Diósjenô and in Pilicsév. Out of the 29 woody plant species studied lachnid species were found on 19. A total of 17 lachnid species were identified belonging to 6 genera (Schizolachnus, Tuberolachnus, Eulachnus, Stomaphis, Lachnus and Cinara). Stomaphis mordvilkoi Hille Ris Lambers, 1933 is new for the Hungarian fauna. Of the 10 ant species attended lachnids Lasius niger (Linneus, 1758) was the most frequent.

Two new species in the Hungarian fauna, Stomaphis mordvilkoi Hille Ris Lambers and Stomaphis juglandis Petrovic were collected from trunks of Juglans regia. Aphid colonies were intensely parasitized, and attended by ants.

Fertilizer experiments were conducted on cultivars of 'Idared' and 'Jonagold' on MM106 rootstocks with solid ammonium nitrate (dose of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg/ha), on 'Jonathan' (with ammonium nitrate 0,50 kg/ha and multiple sprays - 4 times - with liquid urea 1%). In case of cv. 'Jonathan', the lowest green apple aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer) infestation was in the urea plot and the highest in the ammonium nitrate plots, with doses of 50 kg/ha. In the case of cv Idared and cv. 'Jonagold' the results were variable: the lowest aphid level was found on the 50 kg/ha plots in 1995, this tendency was reversed in 1996. According to the available data, if the nitrogen concentration of the leaves of the fruit trees is high (1.8 - 2.6%) the egg production of the spider mites increase. This effect is an important reason for the high population density of European red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) in the commercial orchards. Owing to the application of acaricides and insecticides harmless to the predatory mites, the population density of European red spider mite decreased below economical threshold levels, independently of the nitrogen concentration of the leaves.

Our investigation, a part of a four year project, was aimed at testing both the aphid-susceptibility of some apple cultivars grafted on different rootstocks, and the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilisers on the insect communities. The experiments took place in the experimental apple orchard of the University of Horticulture, Budapest. At the beginning of the project the conventional management system (based on broad-spectrum insecticides) was changed to IPM.The samples were taken at 14 days intervals, from the beginning of April 1995, through to the end of September. The identification of aphid species, the number of colonies per tree and the age-classes were determined. The number of predators and parasitoids were recorded. Our observations were conducted on the cultivars Kovelit, Idared, Jonathan, Jonagold, Jonathan M41, Gloster and Mutsu with four repetitions. The rootstocks were M.26, MM.106 and M.9.The most abundant aphid species was the Green Apple Aphid (Aphis pomi), followed by the Rosy Apple Aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea). The Rosy Leaf-curling Aphid (Dysaphis devecta) was observed to have an isolated occurrence. On the basis of more than 220.000 aphids, we can conclude that the aphid-sensitivity of apple cultivars in descending order is: Gloster, Mutsu, Jonagold, Jonathan M41, Idared, Kovelit and Jonathan.Fertiliser experiments were carried out on the cultivars Idared and Jonagold using solid ammonium nitrate (doses of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg/ha), and on Jonathan using ammonium nitrate (0,50 kg/ha and liquid urea 1%). The rootstock used was MM.106. The aim of the experiment was to find the N level that would give maximum growth, without increasing the aphid numbers.In the case of the cv. Jonathan, we found that the lowest aphid infestation was in the urea plot and the highest in the ammonium nitrate plots, with doses of 50 kg/ha. In the case of Idared and Jonagold the results were variable: the lowest aphid level was found on the 50 kg/ha plots in 1995, but this tendency was reversed in 1996.There were significant differences between the two apple cultivars: Idared and Jonagold. The density of the Green Apple Aphid was always higher than the density of Rosy Apple-Aphids.

The effects of broad spectrum and selective insecticides on the structure of phytophagous and zoophagous communities were investigated in a controlled experiment carried out in an apple orchard in Hungary. Following the cessation of intensive use of broad spectrum insecticides and the regular application of selective insecticides (mainly insect growth regulator compounds) a characteristic succession commenced in the arthropod populations in apple orchards. The IPM strategy was developed against the arthropods occurring at a high population density in the apple orchards previously treated with broad-spectrum insecticides for many years (e.g Phyllonorycter blancardella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Panonychus ulmi). After the regular application of selective insecticides the population density of the pests Stephanitis pyri, Dyasphis devecta, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus increased, thus further improvement in the IPM program is still required.