Pollen micro‐morphological features have proven to be helpful for the plant taxonomists in the identification and classification of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the palynological features of family Asteraceae and Lamiaceae from flora of District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscope (LM) for their taxonomic importance. Pollen of seven Asteraceous species belonging to four genera and four Lamiaceae species categorized into four genera were collected from different localities of research area. The present research work provides detailed information of diverse morpho‐palynological characters both qualitatively and quantitatively including pollen shape, type, diameter, P/E ratio, exine sculpturing and thickness. Type of pollen in Asteraceae and Lamiaceae was ranged from tricolporate, tricolpate, trizonocolpate and hexazonocolpate. The maximum polar diameter (40.05 μm) and equatorial diameter (37.66 μm) was observed in the Ajuga bracteoosa while minimum polar and equatorial diameter was noted in Isodon rugosus (11.10 μm) and Erigeron canadensis (13.20 μm) respectively. Sculpturing of exine include; echinate, reticulate scabrate, aerolate, reticulate–verrucate, reticulate–scabrate, perforate and reticulate to perforate. Exine thickness was examined maximum 1.50 μm in Helianthus tuberosus, whereas minimum in Conyza Canadensis (0.16 μm). The pollen fertility was found highest in C Canadensis (83.33%) and lowest in Ajuga bracteosa (58.06%). The observed pollen morphology has many valuable qualitative and quantitative attributes for the better understanding of their taxonomy and play significant role in correct identification.

The medicinal plants play a key role for the treatment of various types of diseases because of bioactive compounds.Study aims, to investigate the antibacterial potency, phytochemical analysis and also perform gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for isolations of bioactive compounds of Kochia indica Wight plant.In antibacterial activity the whole plant extracts of Kochia indica Wight, against S. typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains at different concentrations.According to the results obtained, the ethanol extract of Kochia indica was 40%-20.37%(15 mg/ml), 13.11%-19.10%(10 mg/ml) and 11.20%-17.44%, (5mg/ml) concentration over negative control.The best quantitative phytochemical analysis of Kochia indica Wight was performed using extracted optical density (OD) and mass chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques.Results reveal the presence of important antibacterial and phytochemical compounds predominantly1-Propanol, 2methyl-(63.27%), 1,1-Diisobutoxy-isobutane (8.83%), Oleic Acid (7.54%), Cyclohexanone (6.60%), Acetone (3.57%), Hexanoic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester (2.75%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1.47%), 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, dibutyl ester (1.41%), Sebacic acid, ethyl hexyl ester (0.93%), Phytol (1.00%), Octadecanoic acid (0.78%), Cyclopentane carboxylic acid, butyl ester (0.65%), 1-Butanol (0.42%), Propanoic acid, 2-methyl, 2-methylpropyl ester (0.48%), Cyclohexene,1-(1,1-dimethylethoxy) (0.31%).To detect more effective process and compounds to initiate and develop the most effective approaches and methods to reduce the effectiveness of bacteria on environment as well as in human health.

Present review aimed to provide a comprehensive documentation of plants used as anti-rheumatic ethnomedicines in Pakistan and to suggest future recommendations. Data on anti-rheumatic plants was collected from published scientific papers, reports and thesis using online searching engines such as Google Scholar PubMed and Science Direct. Five distinct zones in the country were classified on the basis of geography, humidity and rainfall. We used Sorenson similarity index for plants and their parts used between different zones. A total of 137 anti-rheumatic plant species representing 55 families and 104 genera are used in Pakistan. Herbs (87 plants) were the primary source of anti-rheumatic medicinal plants, while leaves (22 % plant species) were the most frequently used part in the preparation of ethnomedicinal recipes. Highest number of 52 medicinal plant species were found in Zone A having high mountains and cold climate where the prevalence of rheumatism was more common. Solanum surattense was found with highest conservation concerns as it was using in 13 different areas against rheumatism. Results of Sorenson index revealed that there is a similarity of plants and its parts uses between different zones. In conclusions, geography and climate have an important role in causing rheumatic disease. Pakistan has a number of anti-rheumatic plants that are used by the local populations through their traditional knowledge. Moreover, inter zonal similarities among plants and its part uses indicate higher pharmacological potency of these medicinal plants. Further, the review will also provide an insight regarding the conservation status of reported plants.

The ecological (Taxonomical, morphological and anatomical) study of 11 xerophytes belonging to 10 families was conducted to understand the elasticity of the plants to adopt in high temperature and scarcity of water. The selected plants also reflected the ecological importance as indicators of the area. The species are Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile, Alhagi maurorum Medik, Aloe vera L., Calotropis procera (Ait.). f., Capparis deciduas (Forssk.) Edgew., Fagonia cretica L., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Prosopis spicigera L., Saccharum spontaneum L., Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Among the plants species, Alhagi maurorum (pappilionaceae), Acacia nilotica and Prosopis spicigera (Mimosaceae) are well equipped with elaborate vascular bundles both in root and stem. Internal structure of Capparis decidua showed numerous water strong tissues along with highly developed vascular bundles. Opuntia ficus-indica having modified stem as phylloclades which are succulent and thus may retain water for a long time. The leaves are modified as spines on phylloclades to reduce the loss of water through transpiration to put up with the critical environment. The Saccharum spontaneum from family Poaceae is a perennial grass spreading by stout rhizomes which helps in controlling erosion in sandy areas. Its transverse section of root represents numerous metaxylems which show high capacity of water storage and conduction. Its histology of stem and that of root reflect that the plant has developed a strong vascular system for its survival as xerophyte. Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst can adopt in saline areas and having the characteristic of excluding ions of salts and thus minimizing the concentration of the salts of the habitat.

3 Abstract: The present article is comprised of morphology and anatomy of the some selected xerophytes (monocot) of district Karak. 5 monocot plant species belonging to 3 families,were collected during the survey. Morphologically, the characters of leaves, stems, roots, fruits and seeds were observed. The family Poaceae was dominant followed by the Polygonaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. Similarly, the plant Eragrostis curvula (Poaceae)was dominant followed by Calligonum polygonoides (Polygonaceae) and Asphodelus tenuifolius (Xanthorrhoeaceae). The plants were found to be well adapted to the environment of district Karak. The morphological adaptations were presence of dense hair, powder and cuticle layer on leaves and stem. The leaves were found to be leathery, needle like and elongated. Sometimes, the leaves were found to be modified into thorns and spines. Similarly, thick and short rhizome, sunken stomata, compact epidermis, wide cortex and many water storing tissues were observed during this study. During the study, it was also reported that xerophytes have numerous cortical cells to store large amount of water, as to compensate the harsh and dry environment. It was concluded that the studied plant species of district Karak were well adapted in the extreme environment.